Medicine Sources Question Essay

What can you learn from these two sources about Pare’s contribution to medicine? (5 marks) Ambroise Pare was a French war surgeon who worked in a number of public hospitals and helped many times on the battlefields, giving him ‘war wound’ knowledge. He lived between 1510 and 1590. Before Ambroise Pare, soldiers who received a gunshot wound during battle were prone to a lot of pain and suffering. Wounds were burnt with red hot iron called a cautery or would be filled with boiling oil. All doctors knew this was a very painful action but didn’t know any different ways to treat the wounds. This is shown by the picture in source two. Source one shows what actually happened when Pare discovered the improved method for treating gunshot wounds. It tells us that there were many issues to the success of the discovery. The issues include chance, war and printing. It also shows how he thought that the oil and the cautery did actually work. The written source shows that the war was a great help for the discovery. He was working on the battlefield so he could try his new discovery on the patients of the war. Without him running out of oil on the battle field Pare would not have had to make up the remedy of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine. The printing helped him spread his knowledge around and let other people know his new method. ‘Anaesthetics alone led to major progress in surgery in the nineteenth century.’ Do you agree? Explain you answer. (15 marks) Anaesthetics make surgery pain free and are available in two forms: general, which makes the patient unconscious; and local which numbs an area of the body. Before anaesthetics there were a number of problems. Surgery was limited to amputations as infection couldn’t be stopped and operations had to extremely quick. Due to the high risk of infection deep internal operations were out of the question and many people died due to the trauma of pain. Some people said the pain was as bad as being like a criminal preparing for an execution. The fear of surgery was immense which meant both patients and surgeons suffered with stress. Operations before anaesthetics had no hygiene measures and ordinary equipment, like outdoor saws, were used. The first form of anaesthetic was by Humphry Davis who made patients inhale nitrous oxide. Crawford Long found out that ether was another useful anaesthetic in 1842. After 1846, the public became more accepted to anaesthetics and on the 21st December Robert Liston successfully amputated a leg using ether in twenty-six seconds, the patient even asked whether they started the operation as it had been totally pain free. In 1847, James Simpson found that chloroform could be used during childbirth, as it didn’t cause inflammation. Having anaesthetics it meant that surgery could be more widely available. With anaesthetic anything from a sore tooth to a tumour could be removed. It would all be pain free, which meant there was less stress on surgeons to carry out quick operations, and the fear of operations was reduced. As operations could take longer they were more successful and death rates lowered considerably and more complex surgery could be carried out. Although there were many advantages to using anaesthetics there were still a number of disadvantages. Many doctors didn’t want to use anaesthetics because people had side affects due to the wrong amount being administrated and some people even suffered overdoses. Some surgeons were also seen as too inexperienced to use it as they had to be so careful about the dosage. Although the fear of surgery had reduced, many people were now scared because during the whole operation, their lives were in the hands of the doctors and so couldn’t stop the surgery until the surgeon wanted to. Although a wider range of surgery could be carried out, there was still no chance of complex heart surgery as the of infection was too high. One of the most important disadvantages of anaesthetics was that no antiseptics had been formed and because longer, deeper surgery was being carried out there was a greater risk of infection. It has been shown that anaesthetics alone did not lead to major progress in surgery. Without antiseptics which stop infection, anaesthetics are not useful as patients are likely to die of infection, and so, antiseptics are useless without anaesthetics as antiseptics don’t relieve pain. Antiseptics are really more important because although during surgery anaesthetics were a ‘dream come true’, antiseptics made sure that the wound was no longer infected. There were many years when there were no antiseptics but a lot of anaesthetics. This led to people not dying from shock from the operation but from the infection from the machinery.

The Human Quest to Belong is Characterized by Both Belonging and Alienation

Belonging involves triumphing over failure to belong. This is seen in Peter Skrzynecki’s anthology Immigrant Chronicle. The poem St Patricks College explores the persona’s struggle to overcome alienation in his search for belonging. The poem Feliks Skrzynecki explores the persona witnessing his fathers triumph to belong. The picture book The Lost Thing by Shaun Tan explores the things initial failure to belong, which is then overcome. St Patricks College explores the personas failure to belong into the school society.The imagery â€Å"our lady watched/ with outstretched arms† gives the persona hope that he will belong in this school. This gives an early sense of triumph in his quest to belong. This is then inverted when the statues face is seen to be â€Å"overshadowed by clouds†. This use of pathetic fallacy gives early warning that the school will not be a place where he belongs, but a place were he will fail to belong and become out casted. The personif ication heightens this feeling of exclusion by having a personal bond created between the two, which is then broken by the clouds.This gives a further feeling of isolation from the school. The persona then tells of his exclusion from the school when he reminisces on his bus trips. â€Å"caught the 414 bus/ like a foreign tourist/ uncertain of my destination†, in this line the simile is coupled with the use of tautology. The simile of the persona being a foreign tourist gives him a lack of permanence in society, that he is a nomad with no sense of place. This is then contrasted with the repetition of â€Å" eight years† which shows how in this time he should have found a sense of belonging.The persona referring to himself as a tourist, also shows how he is out casted from society and not accepted. This also gives a feeling of exclusion faced by the persona. The tautology of â€Å"foreign tourist† is used to increase the feeling of exclusion. At the end of the per sonas schooling he reflects on his time at the school and the effort that his parents had gone though to get him through it. He still feels that it had not been a worthwhile sacrifice, but hopes that after school he could o something to make it worthwhile for them. that the darkness around me /wasn’t â€Å"for the best†/ before I let my light shine†. This line uses the imagery of darkness surrounding the persona to show his regret and alienation that he faced from his schooling. He then repeats his mother’s line of â€Å"for the best† but this time showing her how she had been wrong. This puts a negative tone on the line. Hope is then gained for the persona when he states, â€Å"before I let my light shine†, which indicates that in the future he will triumph and belong into society.Feliks Skrzynecki explores the personas failure to belong in society, and his father triumph over belonging. The father is seen to have â€Å"kept up only with th e Joneses/ of his own minds making†, the alliteration of â€Å"minds making† helps add emphasis to he line. This reinforces the feeling of his belonging in is own mind due to the added emphasis now placed on â€Å"mind†. The quote also utilises the cliche of â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses† as a metaphor for people conforming to societies expectations in a search for belonging. Feliks however, chooses to belong only within his own mind, and not conform to society.This shows how he has a sense of belonging within his own mind. Feliks is seen to have â€Å"loved his garden like an only child†. This quote utilises the simile to portray the message of his belonging within the garden. Comparing the garden to an only child turns Feliks’ instincts to love and protect onto the garden. This is then reinforced later in the stanza when he is seen to walk around the garden from â€Å"sunrise to sleep†. The quote also utilises the high modality w ord love which gives added depth to just how strong the connection between the two are.A father and son share a unique bond, utilised in this line, where father and son belong together, this is now placed on the father and garden. This also acts to create a sense of jealousy between the son and the father, as the father cares for the garden not his son. This shows how the son has failed to belong with the father. â€Å"like a dumb prophet/ watched me pegging my tents/ further and further south of Hadrian’s wall†, this quote uses the extended metaphor of Hadrian’s Wall as his old culture. The persona is seen to be moving away from his old culture as he attempts to embrace the Australian Culture.The paradox of the father being a dumb prophet indicted not him being stupid, but silent as he watches his son move further away from him and their Polish heritage. By using the word â€Å"tents†, the persona describes himself as unsettled and impermanent, this give s the impression that he still belongs nowhere. The repetition of further and further indicate that the father and son are growing apart and will never return to their previous feelings of belonging. The Lost Thing by Shaun Tan explores the journey of the â€Å"thing† as it attempts to find a place of belonging.Initially, it is seen to be alienated from the rest of society by a high angle shot of it at the beach. This shot allows for the whole scene to be viewed and for greater contrast to be made. The thing is seen I the middle of the beach, however it stands out from the rest of the beach goers. Its bright red colour is in contrast to the rest of the grey people and grey city. The high angle shot is able to show the hundreds of people who all belong together in grey clothing, while also showing the insignificance of the thing as it sits alone.The thing is then later seen walking through the streets. All of the people surrounding it are the same height and wearing the same b lack suits, showing how they all belong to this conformist society. The thing however is seen at least three times as tall as the people, and in bright red, completely opposing the people of the city. This flat angle shot shows how the thing is still alienated from society. In the final pages of the book the thing triumphs over its quest to belong when it finds its new home.The low angle shot of the area shows the size and excitement of the place. It shows for the first time in the book colours, which give the thing a sense of belonging, as it now no longer stands out. The sky is seen to be blue and sunny, giving the place a feeling of happiness. The thing is seen to finally have triumphed over its quest for belonging. Belonging involves triumphing over failure to belong. This is seen in Skryzynecki’s anthology Immigrant Chronicle and Shaun Tan’s The Lost Thing.

Comparative politics wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparative politics wk2 - Essay Example Since Vladimir Putin orchestrated the consolidation in 1999, the problems of centralized power continue to haunt the society as the political, geographic, and economic powers among others continue to reside in wealthy individuals close to the leadership (World Savvy Monitor, 2008). The over centralization and some policies enacted, deny freedom not only to the citizens, but also to the foreigners. It is always difficult for people to exercise competition, within areas where democracy is not fully embraced. The power of democracy links electoral result as means of instigating political parties and strengthening competition. During president Putin’s era, several reforms in the Electoral body took place, which have limited political competition. According to Shishlov (2004), â€Å"the December 2002 law on elections of state Duma Deputies shortened campaign period, limited the conditions under which candidates could be removed from the ballot, imposed restriction on media coverage and expanded the Central Election Commission’s Authority over subordinate regional elections commission.† The political system of the Russian federation is centralized giving the few (president, prime minister, federal assembly, and the multiparty political system) concentrated power to exercise control over the resources and the society. Through this, the president uses his power t o appoint important government postings to groups of elites loyal to the Kremlin, 75 percent coming from the Russian security forces to serve in the Russian corporate sector higher ranks (World Savvy Monitor, 2008). Often, the appointed individuals serve as state machineries and various functions of different departments have been altered by the centralized power, to act as administrative instruments. According to Shishlov, â€Å"single centre of power controls everything; the media, the secret services, business, the courts, parliament and the elections†

Role of Public Health Practitioners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Role of Public Health Practitioners - Essay Example The main priorities of public Health policy in 2011 and 2012 includes controlling of death and dying, countering depression to promote emotional well being, achieving sexual and reproduction health and ensuring health at work. Through public health, the government in conjunction with the public health practitioners share the goals of giving every child the best start in life and enabling the children, the youth and the old people to utilise their potential and have control over their lives. It also plans to boost ill-health prevention and develop healthy and sustainable communities. The fair society healthy lives also seek to create fairness in accessing jobs and ensure healthy living standards for every citizen. Public health practitioners are the key implementers of any given health policy that is laid down. During their call to duty, they under go various challenges, rewards and experiences depending on a number of circumstances. This paper discusses the role of three public healt h practitioners Lucy Smith a public health manager in charge of mental well wellbeing, Sue Levi a consultant in public health medicine and Thara Raj a public health manager in sexuality and immunisation. ... s out time to time evaluation on the level of implementation of the public health policy on mental wellness and measure it outcomes after the implementation period. She organises, supervise and conduct trainings and meetings for local agencies, employers and school management teams to educate them on ways of improving and promoting the mental well being within their institutions. She continuously conducts research to find new ways of engaging the local authorities and agencies on ways that reduce health risks and promote the mental well being of the Lambeth residents. Some of the challenges that Lucy Smith faces as the one in charge of mental well being include failure to comply with the set down policies that promote a culture of participation, equality and fairness by employers and some learning institutions. This is because most employers are profit oriented and some of the policies designed do not work in support of making fast money. There is also limited number of psychological institutions that can offer counselling and mentorship advice to institutions and individuals in to promote mental wellbeing (Rowitz, 2009). Some of the approaches that are applied by Lucy Smith are through collaboration and the use of social media in promoting well being. One of such groups is â€Å"Mind Apples†. She clearly shows her support by saying that "We are thrilled to be working with Mindapples in our GP practices to get people talking about mental health in a positive way.† (Lucy Smith) Through this media, people are able to share positive thoughts on how they can stay positive in life and healthy too. Smith also promotes teamwork and collaboration among all the stakeholders in promoting mental well beings .For example, allocating specific topics of discussion to specific

Womans Suffrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Womans Suffrage - Essay Example In America both groups originated in the ideals of American democracy and Protestant individualism. But these ideals when applied to women were everywhere met with contradictory economic and social institutions which subjected women to traditional male authority or questioned their capacity for independence and initiative. â€Å"With the flood of post-civil war suffragist rhetoric came an equally full and passionate cry from the anti-suffragists, or antis as the suffragists called them. Threatened by the suffragists new conception of modern government†(Oates 1991) Religion profoundly helped to legitimize woman’s quest for equality. Of the five women who planned the Seneca Falls convention in the summer of 1848, four were Quakers. Historian Margaret Bacon has asked why the tiny Religious Society of Friends contributed such a disproportionate number of leaders to the feminist cause. It turns out that Quakerism was a veritable seedbed for the new feminism. As early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Quaker women had served as traveling ministers, on occasion leaving behind husbands and children, so strongly did they feel called to the Lord’s work. Well before the Revolution the American Friends had also established a tradition of separate women’s business meetings of the monthly meeting. In addition, Quaker women who felt moved by the Holy Spirit to speak in meetings were expected to do so.

Analysing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysing case - Essay Example However, there are individual and organizational level factors that if taken into account would increase the likelihood for an employee to change in response to feedback. Individual precursors (IPs) There are five individual-level precursors that, when present, increase the likelihood that an employee will change in response to feedback. The five IPs are: 1) Awareness; 2) Sense of Necessity; 3) Confronting Change; 4) Willingness for feedback; and 5) Development Orientation. The central IP is awareness. Awareness is what makes an individual acknowledge that a problem exists and that it calls for change. Sense of necessity is the recognition that a change in behavior is important and that it has to be followed through. Confronting change is an extension to awareness but with a greater understanding of the steps needed to change. Willingness for feedback indicates emotional readiness for feedback and openness to frank opinions from others. Development orientation involves believing in s eeking development through trying new things and seeking learning opportunities (Silverman, Pogson, and Cober 141). Works cited Silverman, Stanley B, Corrie E Pogson, and Alana B Cober.

World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World History - Essay Example In the 21st century, women now make up 44% of the work force compared to women barely working outside of the home at all in the medieval period (Waite 2002). During Medieval times, Stuard (1993) points out that it was the male that had almost all of the legal say so over the rights of his family, land ownership, and further, even holding a position of dominance in marriage as well. However, many of the social customs of that time era were developed by the roles of women (Stuard 1993). Nevertheless, history does show that men carried the majority of the weight in the basic aspects of life during the medieval period. Furthermore, class and stature played a crucial role in what legal restrictions were placed on an entire family in the medieval period also (Stuard 1993). This of course has changed in the 21st century even though there can still be found different classes of people spread throughout the world. Even so, there is not the heavy emphasis on this as there once was. The many is sues of equality, family values, and economic concerns for the family as a whole, are what are predominant in today's period. To confirm this point it is found that the idea of social work is most profound to guarantee that family's have some level of equality in society.

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Critical Thinking - Essay Example 2. Are there any similarities between the characteristics demanded of an entrepreneur and those of a professional athlete? Would an athlete be a good prospect for entrepreneurship? Why or why not? Could teamwork be important in an entrepreneurial effort? Why or why not? I think that there are many similarities between the characteristics of an entrepreneur and a professional athlete, most notably the discipline required to succeed. Preparation time is also a key aspect of both jobs because nothing should be left to chance. Just like an entrepreneur has to come up with short and long-term business plans, professional athletes need to set goals so that they are always improving. An athlete would be a good prospect for entrepreneurship because he or she would be able to carry over these same traits. Teamwork is very important in an entrepreneurial effort because no one can do something by themselves. Although they may have a thought or vision, they will need other people to carry out the objectives and work for the betterment of the

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Criminal Justice - Essay Example According to Jacob Wetterling Act, a state registration must require current address registration for a period of 10 years for persons convicted of a criminal offense against a victim who is a minor or a sexually violent Offense. A minor is a person below the age of 18 years. There are specific definitions in Washington which are used to identify how an offender victimizes a minor; kidnapping of a minor and false imprisonment (except the parent), sexual conduct with the minor, manipulating of a minor to engage in sexual conduct, use of a minor in sexual performance, solicitation of a minor to practice prostitution, and any conduct that its nature a sexual offense against a minor. In 1996, the Megan’s law according to Wetterling act provided a community notification on the sex offender registration and which brought about online sex offender registration websites. Adam Walsh child protection and safety act (2006) is the most recent federal law, which organized sex offenders int o a three-tier system with third tier registrants having the most rigorous registration requirements. The third tier requirements of sex offenders (RSOs) required the offenders to update or verify their information every three months and are registered in their lifetime. Failure to update information as required under this act one was to have committed a felony offense while a sexually violent offense is any criminal offense that consists of aggravated sexual abuse or an offense that has its elements engaged in physical contact with another person with the intention of committing such an offense. In Washington all juveniles who are sex offenders were required to register. But in other states the juveniles are required to register after attaining of 18 yrs or 21 yrs. Sex offender registration and notification helped to reduce the case of sex offenders recidivism by calling their attention through the sex offender websites, letters sent home with children, door to door notification an d also flyers. However the efficiency of this registration remains questionable with research to date indicating only nominal success. Also the registration facilitates the following; deterring offenders from committing future crimes; enhances enforcement of law and the protection of public rights. Adkins, G. Huff, D. & Stageberg, P. (2000) The Iowa sex offender registry and recidivism. Des Moines: Iowa Department of Human Rights Schram, D.D., & Milloy, C.D. (1995). Community notification: A study of offender characteristics and recidivism. Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Seattle, WA: Urban Policy Research. SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS Sex offenders are required to register upon release from confinement or when sentenced to community supervision. The department of correction or the sentencing court registers the offender upon release to probation and alerts the offender of the requirement to register locally. The local registering agencies occur at the local police department in the jurisdiction where an offender resides. In community supervision, the supervisor officer is required to maintain information for the duration of supervision because when the supervision ends the law enforcement is responsible for offender’s registration information. Also the state registration law applies to offenders convicted in other States. According to the

Unti 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unti 3 - Coursework Example the living organisms, thus, although their sources are from non-living organisms, proper amount which is commonly in trace contents in food are fundamental to the health and nutrition of the people. In amounts that are above or below that of the recommended intake, certain health conditions can be incurred (Table 1). Some of the essential macro and trace minerals are calcium, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc (Linus Pauling Institute). The data presented are some of the trace minerals. It can be considered that although the said macro and trace chemicals are present in such a small amount, absence can greatly affect the functioning of the organ systems of humans. Chromium is one of the most interesting minerals due to the fact that it can occur as a toxin that can greatly damage the human body while at the same time recognized as an essential mineral. Due to the damaging and disruptive effects of chromium as a heavy metal, it had been recognized as a carcinogen. In trace amounts though, it functions in immunostimulation and immunosuppression which are both essential for control in the processes of the immune system (Shrivastava et al. 1). Based on the study of the nutritional condition of the populations in different regions specifically the US, it can be considered that information dissemination and the proper distribution of knowledge regarding nutritional habits and techniques to be able to improve the health of the population. In addition, balanced diet that is composed of different nutrients and minerals can still be considered as the simplest way to be able to improve and maintain

The Problem of Tōkōkyohi in Japanese Middle Schools Essay Example for Free

The Problem of TÃ… kÃ… kyohi in Japanese Middle Schools Essay Introduction Tokokyohi ( ) has become an increasingly prominent issue in Japan since the 1980s. Official figures showed that there were 84,026, or 1. 9% of Japanese middle school students suffering from tokokyohi in 1997 . However, tokokyohi, which is classified as form of â€Å"school non-attendance†, does not appear to be a problem that is unique to Japan. A similar form of â€Å"school non-attendance† affects less than 1% of the student population in Britain, which has the situation under control . In contrast, tokokyohi appears to be more problematic than the Japanese government wishes to acknowledge. Official Japanese figures appear to be artificially deflated as they do not account for tokokyohi sufferers who have special schooling arrangements . Moreover, among the 5,193 middle school students surveyed in 1988, almost two-thirds of them felt jaded about school but compelled themselves to continue schooling . This suggests that tokokyohi is a deep-seated problem in Japan as most middle school students have to confront the emotions that result in tokokyohi for some of their peers. It is important to distinguish tokokyohi from other forms of â€Å"school non-attendance† such as school absence due to truancy as well as medical and economic reasons. In contrast to students who shun school due to poor physical health or financial constraints, tokokyohi occurs when an irrational fear of schooling compels students to miss school for more than 29 days with their parents’ cognisance . This sets tokokyohi apart from truancy, where students deliberately avoid school without their parents’ knowledge to partake in frivolous activities with others . Unlike truants, students suffering from tokokyohi remain confined to their homes and are not characterised by misconduct . This paper will focus on tokokyohi in Japanese middle schools (students aged 13 15 years old). There are numerous reasons for tokokyohi ranging from societal problems to individual psychological difficulties. We will focus on three modern Japanese societal problems which lead to tokokyohi: children who are excessively dependent on their parents, shame society and educational mother. However, the unique structure of Japanese society must be taken into consideration in order to understand the severity of tokokyohi in Japan. Hence this paper will explore the link between these three modern Japanese societal problems and traditional Japanese values and mind-sets. This link emphasizes the continued importance of these traditional values and mind-sets in the modern Japanese society and how these values and mind-sets affect societal attitudes towards education, eventually leading to tokokyohi in middle schools. Over-Dependent Children About 50% of mothers whose children are in Japanese middle schools are full-time homemakers . Mothers’ domestic roles have become increasingly prominent after World War Two, motivating housewives to excel in these roles . This motivation drives them to emulate the role model of ryosai kenbo. Ryosai kenbo portrays an idealised virtuous woman who can handle household chores and nurture children well . To guarantee future success, mothers attempt to provide their children with excellent up-bringing and monitor their children’s behaviour closely to ensure proper learning. The reduced size of the modern Japanese family also implies that mothers can devote more energy to monitoring their children, resulting in more intimate mother-child relationships . Such intimacy drives parents to shield their children from adversity . The shielding results in children who are incapable of autonomous decision-making, eventually developing into an over-dependence on their parents . Over-protective parents also worsen their children’s dependency on them when they accede to both legitimate and illegitimate demands from their children. Some children exploit this by engaging in amae. Amae ( ) describes the actions of one who tries to influence another to care for him/her unknowingly . However, these parents do not stop this behaviour as indulging their children’s demands is seen as an expression of maternal love . This gradually emboldens the child as they know that their parents will yield to their demands, including tokokyohi. Having always been cared for meticulously, these children begin to display signs of tension and fear when away from their parents , especially in new and unfamiliar environments such as schools. These children experience difficulty being away from their parents for long hours when they attend school. Their tendency to maintain close physical proximity to their parents results in little personal time and few opportunities to socialise. Thus these children become socially inapt as they lack the requisite skills for interacting amicably with their playmates . This social awkwardness heightens their feelings of tension and fear when separated from their parents in a school setting. As a result, these children are more likely to develop a fear of schooling. Moreover, the hectic curriculum in Japanese middle schools exerts more pressure on middle school students as compared to elementary school students. This is because Japanese middle school students have to undergo demanding high school entrance examinations . The additional stress may leave these children incapable of managing negative emotions due to routine separations from their parents . These children would eventually resort to tokokyohi in order to escape this situation. Kyoiku Mama, (Educational Mother) In Japan, men are often assumed to be breadwinners while women are expected to stay home to tend to housework and childcare . Fathers, being the breadwinner, spend long hours on business entertainment , which is emphasised by Japan’s business industry . This forces them to be away from home frequently, giving rise to ‘fatherless families’ . Thus mothers assume a central role in the family , taking charge of the children’s welfare and education. However, the competitive Japanese education system means that children find it harder to succeed. This gives mothers an added sense of responsibility in guiding their children towards educational success. This gives rise to kyoiku mamas ( ), loosely translated into ‘education-mamas’ . Kyoiku mamas are known for their borderline neurotic behaviour of controlling every facet of their children’s lives so as to outdo their peers academically . Kyoiku mamas strive to send their children to elite schools with the highest rate of future admission into prestigious universities . Some kyoiku mamas may opt to work in order to afford cram schools (juku, ? ) for their children . They endeavour to provide the best home study environment for the children. This includes bringing their children refreshments when they study overnight to researching on subjects that their children struggle with to coach them . Modern kyoiku mamas† may even seek professional help in guiding their children as they lack confidence in child-raising . Her ultimate achievement would be for her child to enrol into the prestigious Tokyo University as this would ensure a bright future for her child . The mothers’ desire for their child to succeed is mainly due to the gender roles in Japan and is supported by the change in power structure in the family. In the Japanese society, women are denied career advancement opportunities due to gender discrimination, preventing them from achieving any career aspirations that they might have had . Hence, a kyoiku mama thrusts all her ambitions upon her children to achieve what she could not . However this is only possible due to the change from a patriarchal to a matriarchal family. As the fathers are frequently absent, mothers gain a larger authority in the family . They also suffer from loneliness and anxiety due to the lack of attention from their husbands . Thus mothers are then able to put all their energy into nurturing their child as an outlet of their pent-up loneliness, anxiety, and an extension of their ambitions. As discussed above, kyoiku mamas closely monitor their child’s life. However this tight control may be detrimental to the child’s psychological well-being. In a stressful environment where every action must benefit their studies, these children may develop a fear of school and studying . Clinical psychologists have observed that most tokokyohi sufferers came from ‘fatherless families’ . The determination of kyoiku mamas for their children to succeed may cause the children to reject the competitive Japanese education system, causing tokokyohi . Shame Society In Japan, an individual’s actions are governed by the need to avoid shame on oneself and the group that one belongs to. The Japanese society operates on a system of shame, where shame arises when one suffers a loss of dignity and respect . This sets Japanese society apart from Western societies that operate on a system of guilt. Guilt deters Western individuals from acting inappropriately in an autonomous environment . In Japan, failure to meet a personal goal or expectation of others results in self-reproach and disapproval from others, leading to shame. Japanese citizens are compelled to conform to socially acceptable conducts and norms to avoid shame . Therefore being unique or individualistic is greatly frowned upon. The Japanese do not view conformity as an inability to assert autonomy . Conformity indicates that one possesses the will to sacrifice for the greater good of the group . This self-glorification also motivates them to conform. In the Japanese society, a shameful act by individuals implicates the entire unit they belong to, including the school and family . This stresses the children since failure puts their families’ reputation and honour at stake. Poor results would reflect badly on the children’s academic ability. This would be attributed to parental failure in instilling appropriate work ethic. Fear of implicating their families through their academic incompetence might result in tokokyohi. Tokokyohi would conceal the children’s shortcomings since they avoid school activities and tests, hence preventing their families from being shamed. The demands of the society also force the individual to conform. Japanese are made to participate in activities that promote unity from young . They are inculcated with the idea that every individual should do their best to contribute economically. Paper qualification is needed to secure stable employment . This makes academic excellence a prerequisite for stable employment. Individuals who fail to achieve academic excellence will believe that they have failed to meet the lofty standards set by the society. This failure exacerbates the shame caused by their academic incompetence. To avoid this shame, children who are unable or unwilling to excel academically could resort to tokokyohi. Social status, which is highly regarded by families in Japan, is boosted when the children enrol into a competitive school . Many families strive to send their children into such a school. However, the competitive school environment would present the children with stressful social situations as they would be constantly judged by their peers and teachers . The children must always be at their best behaviour and will fret over the implications of their every word and action in order to be viewed positively. These children will be reluctant to attend school in order to avoid such situations, eventually developing school phobia, which contributes to tokokyohi. Traditional Basis: Shame. Shame as a means of social control can be traced to traditional values and mind-sets in Japan. These traditional values and mind-sets include the emphasis on group harmony and the notion that humans are fundamentally good. Shame is used to reinforce conformity among the Japanese. The need for conformity can be linked to the group mentality that is prevalent in Japan. This group mentality refers to the individuals’ focus on their role within the group . They learn to appreciate the importance of others and their reliance on one another . This appreciation starts within the family and eventually expands to the school and workplace . In order to ensure that the group functions effectively, Japanese society emphasises group harmony over individualism . The group’s interests are prioritised over those of its constituent members, giving rise to conformism. This emphasis is also reflected in the idea of honne and tatemae, which refers to the individual’s inner feelings and the appropriate social behaviour respectively . Honne is only expressed privately while tatemae is applied to interactions with strangers, colleagues and superiors . This conscious effort to avoid publicly expressing innermost emotions that might discomfort or shame others can be seen as conforming to social norms. This also shows how group harmony takes precedence over individualism. The emphasis on group harmony can also be seen in how shame lessens tension between the members of the Japanese society. The use of shame as social control makes the Japanese more empathetic to the shame felt by others . This empathy restrains individuals from displaying their greater abilities, thus reducing feelings of inferiority that might be felt by less able individuals in the group . Such a willingness to conceal their abilities also contributes to group harmony as less able individuals will not feel ostracised or intimidated by their more capable counterparts. Such restraint can also be attributed to the idea that flaunting one’s ability diminishes its worth . The influence of this idea on 15th century Kado art underscores its roots in Japanese tradition. The use of shame as social control is also derived from the Japanese idea that human nature is fundamentally good. This idea can be traced to traditional Confucian teachings in Japan . Shame seeks to appeal to this good and encourage conformity . As humans are fundamentally good, the Japanese believe that there is no need to threaten humans with individual penalties. Instead, they seek to use shame to remind themselves to stay true to their good nature. Shame is thus used as a guiding light as opposed to guilt, which is used as a deterrent. In contrast, the traditional Western belief that humans are fundamentally evil results in the use of guilt and the threat of penalties in Western societies to deter any potentially harmful acts . This accounts for different forms of social control between the West and Japan. Traditional Basis: Kyoiku Mamas and Over-Protective Mothers Kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers can be traced from the oppression of women in Meiji Japan. Meiji Japan was a patriarchal society where women could only strive to become ryosai kenbos . Japanese women were only allowed into noble families to bear and rear children . These women, who were struggling to find their place and status in families, would put all their energy into nurturing their children . Both kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers are modern manifestations of this oppression of women. For kyoiku mamas, the ideology of â€Å"good wife wise mother† still weighs strongly on them. Women are expected to juggle household chores and their children’s education even if they hold full-time jobs. A woman who allows others to care for her children would be looked down upon as not sufficing in her job as a mother . The Japanese believe that mothers should be blamed for bringing up unsuccessful children rather than the children shouldering the blame themselves for their lack of success . Mothers, who are burdened by such extreme responsibility, will push the children to and beyond their limits. To these mothers, only by successfully nurturing their children can they achieve the ideals of â€Å"good wife wise mother†. This gives rise to kyoiku mamas. Over-protective mothers strive to encourage their children to excel due to the mothers’ obligation to nurture them well, increasing interaction between mothers and children. This greater interaction would foster a closer mother-child relationship. The resultant strong maternal love might drive mothers to shield their children excessively from adversity. This shielding would cause children to become over-dependent on their mothers. Thus, the ryosai kenbo role model, which can be traced to the Meiji period, can result in over-protective mothers and over-dependent children. The pervasive ideology of the roles and responsibilities of Japanese women, together with the need to achieve it, leads to kyoiku mamas and over-protective mothers, which in turn contribute to the situation of tokokyohi in Japan. Traditional Basis: Amae Amae, which perpetuates the relationship between over-dependent children and their mothers, can also be traced back to traditional Japanese mind-set. Traditionally, the nation of Japan has been viewed as a giant family unit with the Emperor at the core . A common reverence for the Emperor unifies the numerous disparate Japanese families into a giant family unit . The Emperor enjoyed an exalted status despite his ceremonial position and reliance on officials to handle state affairs . Officials are expected to comply with the Emperor’s subtle demands in a dynamic relationship that embodies the concept of amae . Such reverence can be traced back to before the Tokugawa period [1603-1868 CE] and continues even today . This reverence drives Japanese families to emulate the relationship between the Emperor and his officials . With the child being important in the family as discussed earlier, the family’s emulation of this relationship results in the child assuming a position in the family that is similar to that of the Emperor in Japan. This allows the child to engage in amae, which facilitates the child’s over-dependence on the mother and contributes to paternal approval for demands such as tokokyohi. Thus amae can be seen to be rooted in the traditional Japanese reverence for the Emperor, and continues to be present in modern day families. Conclusion In our paper, we have shown that although Kyoiku Mamas, shame society and over-dependent children are some of the direct causes of Tokokyohi, the foundations of these factors can be traced to traditional Japanese values and mind-sets such as reverence for the Emperor, ryosai kenbo and Confucianism. These traditional values and mind-sets, which were prominent in the past, continue to hold great importance today. This is evident in how these traditional values and mind-sets continue to influence modern Japanese education. The continued importance of these values and mind-sets also show that tokokyohi is a complex problem that is rooted in the foundations of Japanese society. The severity and complexity of Tokokyohi also means that the Japanese government must play a bigger role in tackling this issue. Future research could explore why the Japanese government appears reluctant to acknowledge the scale of this problem and assess the viability of solutions that focus on advising the families of these tokokyohi sufferers. ? Bibliography Allen, Eileen K. , Glynnis . E. Cowdery, and Jennifer M. Johnson. The Exceptional Child: Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2011. Allison, Anne. Producing Mothers. Chap. 6 In Re-Imaging Japanese Women, edited by Anne E. Imamura. 135-55. Berkeley: Univ of California Pr, 1996. Aoyagi, Hiroshi. Pop Idols and Gender Contestation. In Japan at the Millennium: Joining Past and Future, edited by David W. Edgington. Vancouver: Univ of British Columbia Pr, 2003. Black, J. Stewart, and Hal B. Gregersen. Serving Two Masters: Managing the Dual Allegiance of Expatriate Employees. Chap. 7 In International Management Behavior: Text, Readings, and Cases, edited by Henry W.Lane, Joseph J. DiStefano and Martha L. Maznevski. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Bornstein, Robert F. , and Mary A. Languirand. Healthy Dependency: Leaning on Others without Losing Yourself. New York: Newmarket Pr, 2003. Borovoy, Amy B. The Too-Good Wife: Alcohol, Codependency, and the Politics of Nurturance in Postwar Japan. Vol. 6, Berkeley: Univ of California Pr, 2005. Creighton, Millie R. Revisiting Shame and Guilt Cultures: A Forty-Year Pilgrimage. Ethos 18, no. 3 (1990): 279-307. De Mente, Boye. Japans Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms That Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing, 2011. De Vos, George A. , and Hiroshi Wagatsuma. Status and Role Behaviour in Changing Japan: Psychocultural Continuities. Chap. 1 In Socialization for Achievement: Essays on the Cultural Psychology of the Japanese, edited by George A. De Vos. Berkeley: Univ of California Pr, 1973. DeCoker, Gary. Deregulating Japans High School Curriculum: The Unintended Consequences of Educational Reform. Chap. 9 In National Standards and School Reform in Japan and the United States, edited by Gary DeCoker. New York: Teachers College Pr, 2002. Doi, Takeo. The Anatomy of Dependence. Translated by John Bester. New York: Kodansha International, 2001. Eisen, Andrew R. , and Linda B. Engler. Helping Your Child Overcome Separation Anxiety or School Refusal: A Step-by-Step Guide for Parents. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 2006. Gregory, Raymond F. Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality. Piscataway: Rutgers Univ Pr, 2003. Hidaka, Tomoko. Salaryman Masculinity: The Continuity of and Change in the Hegemonic Masculinity in Japan. Vol. 29, Leiden: Brill, 2010. Iga, Mamoru. Suicide and Economic Success in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Ishii-Kuntz, Masako. Balancing Fatherhood and Work: Emergence of Diverse Masculinities in Contemporary Japan. Chap. 12 In Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa, edited by James E. Roberson and Nobue Suzuki. London: Routledge, 2003. Iwao, Sumiko. Japanese Woman. New York: Free Pr, 1998. Joachim, Daniel. The Japanese Employment System: Characteristics and Changes. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2008. Johnson, Frank A. Dependency and Japanese Socialization: Psychoanalytic and Anthropological Investigations in Amae. New York: New York University Press, 1995. Kearney, Christopher A. Social Anxiety and Social Phobia in Youth: Characteristics, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005. Kumagai, Fumie, and Donna J. Keyser. Unmasking Japan Today: The Impact of Traditional Values on Modern Japanese Society. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment. Honolulu: Univ of Hawaii Pr, 1985. Lewis, Catherine C. Educating Hearts and Minds: Reflections on Japanese Preschool and Elementary Education. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Pr, 1995. McVeigh, Brian J. Japanese Higher Education as Myth. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2002. Meguro, Yoriko, and Kiyomi Morioka. The Changing Status and Role of Women in Japan. Chap. 9 In The Changing Position of Women in Family and Society: A Cross-National Comparison, edited by Eugen Lupri. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub, 1984. Naito, Takashi, and Uwe P. Gielen. Tatemae and Honne: A Study of Moral Relativisim in Japanese Culture. In Psychology in International Perspective: 50 Years of the International Council of Psychologists, edited by Uwe P. Gielen, Leonore L. Adler and Norman A. Milgram. Amsterdam: Swets en Zeitlinger, 1992. Okano, K. I. Shame and Social Phobia: A Transcultural Viewpoint. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 58, no. 3 (1994): 323-38. Powell, Margaret, and Masahira Anesaki. Health Care in Japan. New York: Routledge, 1990. Rohlen, Thomas P. Building Character. In Teaching and Learning in Japan, edited by Thomas P. Rohlen and Gerald K. LeTendre. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Pr, 1999. Saha, Arunoday. Basic Human Nature and Management in Japan. Journal of Managerial Psychology 5, no. 3 (1990): 3-12. Sato, Yutaka, Margaret Y. Yamashita, and Yuko Green. Nihongo: Introductory Japanese. Vol. 1, Honolulu: Bess Pr Inc, 1992. Takemaru, Naoko. Women in the Language and Society of Japan: The Linguistic Roots of Bias. Jefferson: McFarland, 2010. Tokuhiro, Yoko. Marriage in Contemporary Japan. Vol. 26, London: Routledge, 2009. Wagatsuma, Hiroshi. Some Aspects of the Contemporary Japanese Family: Once Confucian, Now Fatherless? . Daedalus 106, no. Spring (1977): 181-210. White, Merry I. Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval. Vol. 14, Berkeley: Univ of California Pr, 2002. Yamaguchi, Susumu, and Yukari Ariizumi. Close Interpersonal Relationships among Japanese: Amae as Distinguished from Attachment and Dependence. Chap. 7 In Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding People in Context, edited by Uichol Kim and Kwang-huo Hwang. 163-74. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2006. Yoder, Robert. Deviance and Inequality in Japan: Japanese Youth and Foreign Migrants. Bristol: Policy Pr, 2011. Yoneyama, Shoko. Student Discourse on Tokokyohi (School Phobia/Refusal) in Japan: Burnout or Empowerment? . British Journal of Sociology of Education 21, no. 1 (2000): 77-94. Yu, Wei-Hsin. Changes in Womens Postmarital Employment in Japan and Taiwan. Demography 42, no. 4 (2005): 693-717.

Factors That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay

Factors That Affect Streptomyces Growth Biology Essay The growth of a microorganism is extremely dependent upon the surrounding environmental conditions. Every organism has a range of optimum conditions at which members of its species will grow ideally. Inoculum, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration (among other factors) within the media is often carefully controlled in industrial applications as deviations from the optimal conditions often have profound effects on the growth rate and activity of the organism (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). When directing experiments involving microbial growth, the preparation and quality of the inocula are as important as any other parameter control. In Streptomyces if mycelia are used in the inoculum, many uncontrolled variables will emerge. These variables include age, stress level and growth stage of the cells, all of which obligatory should be controlled (Kieser et al., 2000). This problem gets even worse when attempting to initiate trials over a period of several months as even small variations in the population size of the inoculum can result in large changes in the level and rate of growth. Streptomyces vegetative inocula are often prepared through the addition of several colonies sometimes from many starter plates to small amounts of media. This is afterward incubated until sufficient biomass is produced, as determined through optical density measurements of the media. This method of vegetative inoculum used by Jakeman et al. (2004) is effective in obtaining biomass; neverthele ss it does not provide the consistent inoculum required for comparative trials. The number of cells within the inoculum is hard to directly measure and the inconsistent manner of initially adding cells can result in cells at different stages of growth or stress level. Another method of preparing an inoculum is to harvest spores from the selected culture and store under conditions not satisfactory for germination. The cells within a spore suspension remain in a consistent state while still providing an instant inoculum (Kutzner and Nitsch, 1970). This technique also allows long term storage of a viable inoculum that should produce reliable results. By suspending the spores in a soft agar spore suspension, Kutzner and Nitsch (1970) have proven that a suspension of Streptomyces spores will remain viable as an inoculum over a year. Temperature The bacterial growth behavior is greatly influenced by many factors such as environmental conditions and the physiological state of the bacteria. The temperature of the environment directly affects the activity and growth of cells; every species has an ideal temperature for growth that is influenced by its physiology (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). This optimum temperature for growth may not be the same as the temperature at which metabolites are produced most efficiently. Streptomyces venezuelae ISP 5230 are mesophilic bacteria, which means that their optimal growth temperature is between 15 and 40 Â °C. For every increase of 10 Â °C closer to the optimum growth temperature, the growth rate of bacteria approximately doubles (Truelstrup-Hansen et al, 2002). If the media temperature is above optimal, the rate of growth is reduced. The temperatures used for Streptomyces venezuelae growth have been cited as 30 Â °C Â ± 2 Â °C (Wang and Vining, 2003; Jakeman et al., 2006). At 42 Â °C Str eptomyces venezuelae express heat shock genes that motivate sporulation and antibiotic production (Yang et al., 2008). pH Similarly to temperature, the pH (hydronium ion concentration) of the media affects the growth rate of bacteria by influencing the activity of cellular enzymes (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). To achieve the maximum growth rate level, current literature recommends growing Streptomyces venezuelae in a media with the maintenance of pH between 6.0 7.8 (Jakeman et al., 2006). The optimal pH levels are often different when maximizing growth rate and highest product yield (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). However, bacteria are often able to grow within a huge range of pH. Studies on the Streptomyces species by Kontro et al. (2005) have found the optimal pH ranges of growth and sporulation for this species to be between 5.5 and 11.5. The study executed by Kontro et al. (2005) has also found that the media strongly affects the acid tolerance of Streptomyces species. When grown at pH 4 in a media that contains yeast extract most species included in the studies were unable to grow, while at the pH of 7 the majority of species displayed maximum growth rate on most types of media. In order to buffer the pH of the growth medium to near neutral values, a buffer called MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid) is normally used for this species of Streptomyces. While studying the effects of carbon sources on antibiotic production by Streptomyces venezuelae, MOPS was added to jadomycin B production media by Jakeman et al. (2006) however, no buffer was added to the Maltose yeast extract malt extract (MYM) agar that was used for the growth during the study. Glazebrook et al. (1990) studied the effect of different carbon sources on Streptomyces venezuelae sporulation in minimal LS media. In this media, enough amounts of MOPS were added to maintain the pH of the media at near neutral values for every carbon source except glucose. During growth in glucose-based LS media, a high production of oxo-acids was observed resulting in growth inhibition. Dissolved Oxygen The dissolved oxygen available to bacterial cells within the media can be a limiting factor if the rate of consumption exceeds the rate of supply (Schuler, 2000). There is a critical oxygen concentration exclusive to each bacteria species, above which the growth rate is independent of the media dissolved oxygen concentration. This value is usually 5 10 % of the maximum saturation level; however the maximum saturation is influenced through the existence of dissolved salts, organics, and the medias temperature (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The production of secondary metabolites can also be influenced through dissolved oxygen concentration. During antibiotic production Streptomyces clavuligerus, increased oxygen saturation above the critical dissolved oxygen concentration which resulted in additional product and biomass yield (Yegneswaran et al., 1991) up to the maximum saturation limit of oxygen in the media. Substrate The substrate used in the media is an important factor that can affect growth rate of the bacteria as well as its characteristics. For instance, Kontro et al. (2005) found that Streptomyces species changed its behavior as acidophiles, neutrophiles or alkalophiles, depending on the growth media. Most species would grow optimally at pH that is near to neutral or slightly alkaline conditions on a media that included yeast extract (Kontro et al., 2005). Streptomyces venezuelae is grown using many carbon sources including glycerol, glucose, lactose, mannose, maltotriose, maltose starch and more. The effect of these carbon sources on growth and secondary metabolite production is dependent upon many factors such as pH (Kontro et al., 2005). For example, studies on the sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae in liquid media by Glazebrook et al., (1990) found that while maltose supported the growth and sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae, glucose significantly inhibited sporulation. Specifi cally, when grown in minimal LS media using glucose as the main carbon source, the pH of the media dropped rapidly with the production of oxo-acids by the bacteria. The increased acidity likely contributed to growth inhibition; however the glucose was reported to also have an inhibitory effect on sporulation that was un-related to the increased acidity of the media. As the jadomycin family of antibiotics is linked to the sporulation pathway (Wang and Vining, 2003), it is visible that the media has a huge effect on the growth and antibiotic production by Streptomyces venezuelae. Work by Jakeman et al. (2006) found that the carbon source supplied in to the media also has an influence on the antibiotic production by Streptomyces venezuelae. The effect of several sugars on jadomycin B production was studied and important differences in antibiotic production between sugars were found, where glucose was found to be optimal. Heat Balance The bacterial behavior is greatly influenced by the environmental temperature; however the metabolism and activity of bacteria also affects media temperature. Naturally about 50 60 % of energy produced during the metabolism of nutrients within a system is transformed into heat energy (Shuler and Kargi, 1992). The metabolism of sugar is a great source of thermal energy that must be taken into consideration in bioreactor design (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). Streptomyces venezuelae aerobically metabolize sugars for energy and the production of metabolites. In industry, the amount of substrate used by the microorganism for growth and product synthesis determines the economic viability of the process. The heat energy produced can be determined through the utilization of a heat balance model (Ghaly et al., 1992). Once the heat of mixing is determined, the energy generated by Streptomyces venezuelae can be determined. The work by Ghaly et al. (1992) on the heat generated through mixing and me tabolism during lactose fermentation showed that the temperature of media increased from 22 to 32 Â °C with bacterial growth (Figure 3.9). This increase in temperature was due to the heat generated by the yeast (7.4 JÂ ·s-1) as well as the heat of mixing (1.01 JÂ ·s-1). The amount of heat generated by the organisms in a bioreactor can be estimated by modeling the heat flux over the boundary of the enclosed system. This mathematical model or heat balance balances the thermal energy generated within a system with the energy stored and lost from the system (Ben-Hassan et al., 1992). To develop a heat balance using this method, a trial must first be executed on the system through normal stable state operation to evaluate the heat generation during operation of the bioreactor. A heat balance can be performed on a bioreactor to determine the amount of thermal energy generated within the system during normal operation due to mixing. To model the system under different operating circumst ances the reactor can be run at several agitation speeds (e.g. 200, 400 and 600 rpm) until a state of thermal balance is reached. At thermal balance the amount of energy generated within the bioreactor is equal to the amount of energy lost; this state of stability can be used to eliminate unknown parameters within the heat balance model.

McDonalds Advertising and Marketing

McDonalds Advertising and Marketing Welcome to McDonalds what can I get for you today? A very warm saying that might sound similar to many consumers, who attend fast food restaurants on a frequent basis. Have any one ever wondered why we keep on going back to McDonalds week after week? This is mainly because of McDonalds advertising and marketing. McDonald has an image that is more than just food; it is a place for the families. Over 9500 restaurants in nearly 45 countries is the strength of McDonalds. None of the single brand name has ever matched McDonalds marketing budget. McDonalds approximately spends more than $800 million dollars each year on their marketing and promotion. McDonalds began a major advertising campaign in the year 1987 that aimed to neutralize the misconception of junk food about their good food. This marketing strategy of theirs did not last long as newspapers started to write that the food in McDonalds is not so nutritious and people do not come to McDonalds for nutritious food. From then onward s McDonalds started to offer only a nourishment card rather than trying to stamp their food products as nutritious one. According to Mr.Peter Cox, a former consultant of marketing belonging to the vegetarian society, did quotation from the book, Behind the Arches, the reason why Japanese people are small and have yellow skin, because they have consumed only fish and rice for the past 2000 years. McDonalds soon came out with the marketing slogan that if you eat Hamburgers and potatoes for nearly 100 years then you will grow taller and have a white skin with blonde hair this slogan was ruled out. However, their marketing to children was not ruled out. Most of the McDonalds marketing are aimed towards children. According to the researchers, they say that when a child looks at Ronald he or she thinks only of French fries and hamburgers. Researchers also say that many children admire Ronald and want to be like him, as Ronald loves McDonald and so will they. According to the Childrens thi nking it doesnt matter how much fast food they should be eating because Ronald says its always good and fun. In the 1980s Childrens love towards Ronald went haywire and the major man Geoffrey Guillano, Ronald, give up and apologized for his actions. He personally believed that he brainwashed the children into doing things that are wrong, he also admitted that he was sorry to the children everywhere for selling out to concerns that make millions by killing animals. In the UK McDonalds also does marketing to young children, aged between 2 and 8. Their McDonalds adverts contained a simple song that was easy to remember for children. According to John Hawkes, the McDonalds United Kingdom Chief Marketing Officer their song was to reach each family through their children. He said the song was stored in the front position of the brain of the childrens mind. This made children to attach hunger with McDonalds and inquire their parents to take them there. McDonalds also tried to target young adults, ages 16-25. McDonalds took a new move toward to target young adults, where they used discounts and coupons. McDonalds offered twenty nine cent and thirty nine cent hamburgers and cheeseburgers. McDonalds never make cash off the price the customers pay to these burgers but rather they did from the soda they bought and the fries they bought. This leads to the subliminal marketing, also known as the trade-off result. For example, when the customer went to pay money for a small coke they usually end up buying a large one. This is mainly because the small one is $1.09, the medium $1.24, and the large $1.29. A customer looks at the prices and tries to figure out the most excellent deal possible for their money. The medium sells for $0.15 cents more than the small that gave the customer 5 more ounces of drink but the large sells for $0.05 more cents than the medium one and the customer will end up getting 11 more ounces for their nickel. This makes the customer to buy their soda th at is two sizes larger than what they originally planned to buy. Even though the customer spends $0.20 more than their usual, however McDonalds spends close to nothing. The customers will also do the same process for their french fries. A medium portion of fries costs $1.29, large is $1.59, and a super is $1.79. The large sells for $0.30 more than the medium but the super are only $0.50 more than the medium and $0.20 than the large. The customer in their mind will think, that if they spend the extra $0.30 to get the large fry they might as well spend $0.20 more cents and get the best value possible for their dollar. In conclusion, everyone are targeted for something. Whether it is for McDonalds or or some other fast food chain. Marketing is what makes one store better than the other, and McDonalds are very good in that. This is a research about McDonalds and their marketing strategy under the credit crunch situation. In this research I aim to explore on the below mentioned objectives. First of all I am going to start with the research background, where I will go through McDonalds history, their hold in the market, their main competitors etc, that will hold as a base to this particular research. Next I will talk about the different literatures that, regarding where research has been done on the similar topic. According to my though previous literatures will not have much information on the effect of credit crunch, however my literatures will include more on the marketing area involving fast food chains. After the literature review I will give the methodology for the research, where the research methodology for the purpose of the research will be discussed based on the research objectives and the type of the research. In the next section I will do the main research, where the primary data will be coll ected relevant to the research that is based on the research methodology. After doing the primary research the findings will be analyzed and possible results will be arrived at before conclusion. OBJECTIVES Effect of tight economic condition on the food industry. What do people perceive about McDonalds even in the tight economic condition? McDonalds brand management Marketing strategies adopted by McDonalds to attract people keep coming towards their shop. RESEARCH BACKGROUND With over 35,000 locations in hundred countries, McDonalds (NYSE: MCD) is the worlds largest fast food restaurant chain. McDonalds operates its own restaurants and franchises its brand to local businesspeople (about seventy percent of the worlds McDonalds are franchised.) The company experienced a theatrical turnaround in 2003, driven by a two-pronged plan. In countries such as the US and the UK., McDonalds focused on rising sales at existing locations by renovating their stores, increasing menu options and also extending store hours. Globally, McDonalds expanded aggressively, opting to franchise rather than operate its new locations which provide new income with little overhead. Both strategies have paid dividends- despite its dimension, sales have full-grown by a 3rd since 2003 Domestically, McDonalds continues to do strongly in spite of a pullback in customer spending and is even benefiting as customers trade-down from more expensive eating options. During this same time, global operations were driving profit growth. A rising global middle class, particularly in emerging markets like China, India and Latin America, is a massive opportunity for McDonalds. McDonalds violent efforts to get bigger its global presence- most notably in 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics- have produced strong similar sales and profit growth. McDonalds Business Strategy McDonalds has pursued 2 strategies since 2003. To be in the run with the fast changing customer preferences, demographics and spending patterns, McDonalds has introduced novel items in their menu including angus beef burger and premium chicken sandwiches and does campaigns to create more healthy foods including salads on the side. This strategy basically reflects the beliefs that innovation as opposed to reliability to traditional products is the key determinant towards success in the fast food industry. They have also focused more on increasing their sales at their current restaurants instead of opening new ones. To do so, McDonalds has redesigned many of their restaurants, kept their stores open till late and increased menu options. Nonetheless, new restaurants are still getting opened around the world at a rapid pace the company plans to open nearly 1,000 units in 2010, and continues to produce its new restaurants at a 1%-2% rate each year. Size Matters Size of McDonalds has three main advantages: McDonalds has a strategy of uniform menu offerings that can be accumulation produced, lowering production costs. Bargaining power with their suppliers reduces input costs with improved margins. Large advertising costs mean lots of exposure towards domestic and international market. International Expansion McDonalds is well-established in Europe, the Middle East, Asia/Pacific Islands, and Africa. Its enlargement in Europe is dominated mainly by Germany, France and the UK. In Asia, the general management has indicated that there is important potential in the China market. McDonalds have adapted its menu items to different local cultures, such as the Teriyaki Mac in Japan, Filet-O-Fish in China, and using lamb instead of beef in India. Although McDonalds is the obvious leader of the fast food industry in terms of revenues generated and restaurants recognized, it faces rivalry from other fast food chains, which are introducing new products themselves. Major direct competitors in the (hamburger-based) fast food industry include: Burger King Holdings is the 2nd largest hamburger fast food chain. Although more of their restaurants are franchised than McDonalds restaurants, revenues of Burger King Franchise fall behind that of McDonalds, mainly due to the their size advantage. Wendys is the 3rd largest hamburger fast food chain. They have a lower operating margin than that of McDonalds, hence it is more likely that they suffer negative impacted during a recession. Yum! Brands runs Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Long John Silvers, and AW All-American Food Restaurants. Currently, Yum! Brands are dominating the Chinese market, posing a threat to McDonalds in their attempts to enter the market. Where McDonalds Corporation focuses on its core brand, Yum! divides its resources among a wide variety of different restaurants. In addition to the above competitors, McDonalds also competes with non-hamburger-based fast food restaurants (such as Panera Bread Company (PNRA), Panda Express and Qdoba), local and national dine-in restaurants (such as Red Robins and Sharis), pizza parlors, coffee shops (Starbucks), street vendors, convenience stores and supermarkets. McDonalds revenue decreased by 7% to $5.65 billion in Q2 09 (ending March 31st, 2009), a decrease from $6.08 billion the previous year. However, operating income increased 2% over the previous year, from $1.65 billion to $1.68 billion. Much of the decline in revenue can be attributed to company-operated restaurants, whose revenue numbers decreased by 10% from $4.3 billion in the previous year to $3.8 billion. Revenue from franchised restaurants, on the other hand, actually increased 1% from $1.78 to $1.80 billion Since the margins on franchised restaurants are higher than those of company-operated restaurants, the higher contribution from franchised restaurants in the revenue mix positively impacted McDonalds operating margins (from 27.2% to 29.8%). McDonalds also noted that McCafe, which they labeled as a long-term home run, had met sales expectations and has benefited from the high level of advertising that McDonalds has committed to it. Coffee sales now make up 5% of McDonalds total sales. The effect credit crunch has driven a record numbers of consumers from across different social spectrum to buy food under the golden arches of McDonalds. The fast-food giant is serving close to 100 million customers every month at its 1,200 restaurants in Britain, revealed in the recent times. That is about 12 million more than its own previous record last December, which is typically the busiest month. The UK chief executive Mr.Steve Easterbrook, in the recent times have said that it is the 10th consecutive quarter of growth for them in the UK,Which s a real momentum in the business. McDonalds UK delivered like-for-like sales growth, taken from restaurants open for 12 months or more, of more than 8 per cent for the three months to 30 September. Mr Easterbrook declined to provide a specific sales figure for McDonalds UK, but said it was above the 8.2 per cent underlying growth at the American companys European division. He said the sales figures were a further testament to the changes McDonalds had made over the past few years, with improvements to its menu, extended opening hours and new restaurant formats. It also illustrated that companies perceived to offer value for money were attracting more middle-class customers, he added. Mr Easterbrook said: Those people who are coming back to McDonalds, and who have not been there for a while, are finding a whole new McDonalds. Discount retailers, such as Aldi and Poundland, are also profiting as hard-pressed customers seek out bargains. Mr Easterbrook said: We have always had a very broad appeal and we are picking up more people across the board, but some people are trading down. A family of four can come in and have a meal for  £15. We are seeing growth across the menu from the Extra Value Meals to our Rainforest Alliance coffee and premium burgers. McDonalds is also reaping the rewards of extending the opening times of its restaurants. Some open at 5am and 200 British branches trade for more than 24 hours at weekends. Mr Easterbrook said early opening was having a positive effect because if had increased the numbers of people coming into its stores throughout the morning. Sales of its coffee were up by more than 20 per cent, he added. Globally, McDonalds operating income rose by 20 per cent over the three months to 30 September to $1,823.7m, and its total worldwide sales increased by 7.1 per cent. Marketing at McDonalds McDonalds is one of the best known brands worldwide. Through marketing, McDonalds establishes a prominent position in the minds of customers. This is known as branding. Branding develops a personality for an organisation, product or service. The brand image represents how consumers view the organisation. Branding only works when an organisation behaves and presents itself in a consistent way. Marketing communication methods, such as advertising and promotions, are used to create the colours, designs and images which give the brand its recognisable face. At McDonalds this is represented by its familiar logo the Golden Arches. In all its markets, McDonalds faces competition from other businesses. Additionally, economic, legal and technological changes, social factors, the retail environment and many other elements affect McDonalds success in the market. Marketing involves identifying customer needs and requirements and meeting these needs in a better way than competitors. In this way a company creates loyal customers. By identifying their target audience McDonalds Marketing department will determine the correct marketing mix. Which products are well received What prices consumers are willing to pay What TV programmes, newspapers and advertising consumers read and view Which restaurants are visited Accurate research is essential in creating the right marketing mix which will help to win customer loyalty and increase sales. As the economy and social attitudes change, so do buying patterns. McDonalds needs to identify whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. By Doing SWOT analysis on McDonalds Strength E.g. the brand, and detailed market research to create the right marketing mix. Weakness McDonalds has been around for a long time. (therefore important to keep innovating). Opportunities E.g. increasing numbers of customers looking for food that is served in a quick and friendly way. Threats New competitors, changing customer lifestyles. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Nazlin Imran(1999), in one of his works says that the study of consumer perception regarding food quality and acceptability is complex and interdisciplinary, encompassing scientific disciplines including food science and technology, nutrition, psychology, physiology, marketing and hospitality. Food having possessed with physicochemical characteristics arising from ingredients, processing and storage variables resulting in the sensory characteristics of the food product. These sensory properties are detected by consumers using the human sense organs producing experiences of the taste, appearance, smell and texture of the product. The basic study of the interaction between these human senses and the physicochemical properties is known as psychophysics. In food science, sensory evaluation is nothing but applied forms of psychophysics. The sensory attributes of a food product interact with consumer physiological, behavioral and cognitive factors within the consumer experienc e to exert influence on consumer perception. Context and background also affects this interaction, e.g. cultural setting and psychosocial influences in which the consumers encountered the food product which also affects the consumer hedonic response, i.e. the individual feeling of like or dislike, of the consumer. Sensory and hedonic experience interacts with post-consumptional experiences to produce responses that feed-back into the consumer physiological state, the learning process and memory building. Consumer expectation is in turn affected by this process. Expectation can be generated from cues such as packaging, labeling, product information and stereotypes. Thus, consumer food choice is determined by many factors as shown in the below figure. Food choice factors were being individually studied in the past by other disciplines, e.g. psychobiology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, nutrition and marketing. However, in the recent times, the the factors involved in the per ception and acceptance of the food quality food quality are being studied collectively in sensory science. Sensory science has been described as a place of meeting in science, bridging the gap between humanities and the pure sciences. It has been shown that many individual factors affect the perception of a food product. These factors include taste, odor, information from labeling and images, attitudes, memory from previous experience, price, prestige, nutritional content, health belief, familiarity and brand loyalty (Krondl and Lau, 1978, 1982; Raats et al., 1995). Sensory attributes have been known to play an important role in overall perception and acceptance of a food product. It has been well recognized that the intensity of food-related sensory attributes affect the level of pleasantness or unpleasantness of a food product (Cardello, 1994). Texture and flavor have been shown to have a profound effect on perception and acceptability (Szczesniak, 1972). However, the first taste is almost always with the eye, i.e. visual sensations always help contribute to this perception since the first encounter with food products is often the contact of the eye and will affect subsequent willingness to accept a product. The effect of visual sensations should never be underemined. Human perception of quality is dependent on the visual image (Hetherington and MacDougall, 1992). It has been well established that color and appearance can have a halo effect which modifies subsequent flavor perception and food acceptability (Hutchings, 1994; Kostyla and Clydesdale, 1978). Appearance, flavor and texture are important quality attributes which characterize raw food materials and processed products (Schutz and Wahl, 1981). Kramer and Szczesniak (1973) use a circle diagram to describe the sensory quality of food. In this sensory circle, the perimeter of the circle is divided into three merging zones defined by appearance, flavor and texture. These zones are often regarded as an individual and seperate characteristic, however some properties do overlap indicating that the perception can be affected by more than one sense. However, the significance of different product attributes varies with the situation and time . For example, a product that is seen on a supermarket shelf may have different attributes affecting perception when compared to the same product seen on a plate. The same product on a plate would be affected by anticipatory and participatory attributes (Hutchings, 1977). In other words, at the point of consumption, anticipatory factors such as the initial product appearance and also consequent participatory factors such as product flavor and texture may dominate the acceptance level for many foods. Appearance encompasses several basic sensory attributes such as colour, opacity, gloss, visual structure, visual texture and perceived flavor. Of all these visual aspects, the effect of color is the most obvious and well-studied. The strong association between food and color was established as early as 1936 by Moir and 1939 by Dunker. Extensive research has confirmed the importance of color in taste recognition and intensity (Johnson and Clydesdale, 1982; Kostyla, 1978; Maga, 1974), in f lavor detection and recognition, in food preference (Christensen, 1983; DuBose et al., 1980) and food acceptability (Johnson and Clydesdale, 1982; Maga, 1974). Consumer perception of an acceptable color has been shown to be associated with other quality attributes: flavor, nutrition and level of satisfaction (Christensen, 1983). Rolls et al. (1982) showed that manipulation of color in some products can be used to enhance intake and presumably to enhance sales. The effect can be achieved by manipulation of one or more variables: color within a formulation, incident light, packaging color and even color and appearance nomenclature and brand name (Martin, 1990) (Nazlin Imran, 1999) Perceived service value has been a critical construct in marketing because it is assumed to have a significant influence on purchase or patronage behavior (Bolton and Drew, 1991; Zeithaml, 1988). Although value is an indistinct and elusive construct, service value as perceived by consumers has narrowly been defined as a trade-off between perceived quality (or the benefit component) and perceived sacrifice (or the cost component) regarding a service being evaluated (Dodds and Monroe, 1985; Dodds et al., 1991). Consumers would make their value judgment on a service by trading off the positive utility of the quality against the negative utility of the cost inferred from various service characteristics. Then, what specific aspects of a service imply the quality and the cost for the value judgment? This question is dealt with in the sections below. Perceived service quality. Perceived quality is one of the major determinants of perceived service value. It is assumed that consumers consider various dimensions of a service to reach their overall judgment of service quality. Parasuraman et al. (1988), based on a survey with 200 consumers about five different service categories, have developed a standardized instrument called SERVQUAL, which can be used to measure customer perceptions of service quality. They then have retested and refined their original SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al., 1991). SERVQUAL consists of 22 items measuring customers expectations and another 22 items measuring their perceptions of five dimensions of service performance. Specifically, they have suggested that when consumers make their judgment of service quality, they would generally consider the service providers: Physical facilities and equipment (tangibles); Ability to perform promised service dependably and accurately (Reliability); Willingness to help customers and provide prompt service (Responsiveness); Knowledge, courtesy and ability to inspire trust and confidence (Assurance); and Caring and individualized attention to its customers (empathy). However, SERVQUAL is a generic measure; researchers have found that the relative importance of the five dimensions varies across different service industries (e.g. Crompton and Mackay, 1989; Johnson et al., 1988; Parasuraman et al., 1988, 1991). Perceived service cost. Consumers compare service quality with cost to determine service value. Service cost is basically what consumers have to give up or sacrifice to obtain a desired service. Since it has a negative impact on consumers budgets, it would have a negative influence on their perceptions of service value. The concept of cost can be extended to include nonmonetary cost such as service time (see Murphy and Enis (1986), for a detailed review of time costs). Service time is the amount of time during which a service is provided. Since most customers would like to have faster services, service time would affect perceived service value in the same way monetary cost would. Some services require customers to be present physically where the services are provided (e.g. hairstylists, hotels and motels, restaurants, etc.). For such service categories, service locations, like service time, are an important cost/benefit factor determining service value because the more convenient the locations are, the fewer amounts of time consumers need to get there, and vice versa. (Moonkyu Lee, Francis Ulgado, 1997) The UK fast-food marketplace is value an estimated  £7.82 billion annually (Keynote, 2003), an average amount spends of twenty pound per month per adult (McDonald, 2003). Due to busier client lifestyles and dual-working families with children, stress is increasingly being placed on fast meal solutions (Atkins and Bowler, 2001). This has resulted in a market enlargement of more than 18 per cent in fast food since 1998 (Keynote, 2003). United Kingdom customers tend to look upon expediency and wholesomeness as polar opposites, rather than a balancing type of food value (Jack et al., 1997, 1998). These researchers found that convenience is likely to be associated with wide food processing, as in the example of manufactured snack foods; such snacks are apparent as suitable but unhealthy, while natural fruit as a snack are perceived as healthy but inconvenient. Fast food meals based on burgers and fried chicken (e.g. MacDonalds, KFC) also tend to be perceived as suitable but unhealthy. T here has been a sustained increase in the demand for expediency foods and snacks over a number of years (Traill, 1994; Keynote, 2003). Moreover, a better volume of fast food is enthused in the United Kingdom than in any other country in Europe (Schlosser, 2001). Recently, the thought that processed convenience foods are contributing to a fatness epidemic has led to litigation proceedings against McDonalds. At the same time, a figure of fast-food companies and food manufacturers have reviewed the fat and sugar contents of their manufactured goods ranges, and reconsidered the dimension of the portions they offer. New healthy options (e.g. pasta salad, fruit bags,) can now be purchased from fast-food outlets next to customary burger and chicken meals. Another new innovative strategy by McDonalds and KFC enables nutritional information for each meal to be accessed via nutritional calculator tools on each companys web site (see www.mcdonalds.co.uk and www.kfc.com). From the early stages of post-war nourishment policy in the UK, food manufacturers have responded to nutritionists calls for better products to some degree. However, they have also asserted there are no good or bad foods only good or bad diets (Richardson and Brady, 1997). In the meantime, the UK Food Standards Agencys (FSA) present diet and nourishment strategy emphasizes a key role for the food manufacturing in helping to get better the nutritional excellence of dietary intakes (Scottish Food Advisory Committee, 2002). For caterers, this means offering a greater option of healthier tableware, and for manufacturers and retailers, rebalancing foodstuff ingredients, in particular, reducing the attendance of fat, salt and sugar and rising that of fruit, vegetables and complex carbohydrates. Health branding initiatives, such as the Department of Healths 5-a-Day campaign promoting fruit and vegetable eating, have clearly helped to lift the profile of nutrition targets (Department of Health, 2003; Parker, 20 03). Food companies desire the logo but obtainable processed foods may not meet its strict supplies (Laurance and Mitchell, 2003). As a result, manufacturers and retailers have begun to open their own logos and claims. Customer value plays a vital role at the heart of all advertising activity as it refers to things of worth that have been created for a specific marketplace (Holbrook, 1999). Customer value is a highly multifaceted concept in that it integrates a collection of possible product excellence attributes, process-related attributes and less touchable sources of value, in particular, brand image (Schro ¨der, 2003). For fast foods, manufactured goods attributes may be further broken down into dietary, sensory and clean quality. The nature of food production and processing is becoming more significant to customers (Baltas, 2001; Bredahl et al., 1998), even if these aspects cannot be established through the real consumption of the food (credence attributes). Ethical manufactu re in terms of animal and human welfare, and environmental guard are key issues here (Wier and Calverley, 2002;Harper and Makatouni, 2002; Grankvist et al., 2004). Holbrooks (1999) typology serves as a mapping tool for generic customer value and is highly applicable to the food background. For example, it highlights both functional customer value (which might be interpreted as food security and dietary make-up) and ethics. However, business image is only partially built on touchable product and process attributes. Equally significant is the manner in which companys converse with stakeholders through their marketing strategies, including CSR initiatives. CSR may be defined as an organizations rank and activities with admiration to perceived communal obligations (Brown and Dacin, 1997). Through the Business Excellence Model (British Quality Foundation, 1998), the crash of an association on society has been highlighted alongside the require for worker and customer satisfaction. Clearly , the better the perceived power and influence of an association the more likely it is to draw the attentions of campaign groups. The activities of influential organizations will be improved understood by the community and have an effect on more customers than those of smaller competitors. When campaigners single out such organizations for inspection or even assault, they can wait for more media interest for the issues they want to make public. It is therefore not surprising that worldwide players in the fast-food sector, such as McDonalds, be inclined to find themselves in the dismissal line of groups concerned with the a variety of aspects of food quality. (Schroder McEachern, 2005) According to Peter Jones et al (2002) there are a wide variety of elements in the UKs retail catering industry but fast food are perhaps the most prominent, the most dynamic and the most rapidly growing. While there are va

The Magic Barrel :: essays research papers

The Character of Salzman The character of Salzman, throughout the novel becomes increasingly mysterious. His appearance at many different times is extremely awkward. It is also spooky how he has the knowledge of things that he plainly should not be informed of. His character to put it plainly is just weird. Salzman has the typical salesman characteristics in the start of the novel. Instead of selling the products of material possession, he is already weird because he chooses to sell other people. His work is also mysterious. He doesn't simply lie out all he has on the table, but instead sifts through what he has, and shows what he wants. This is evident in his choosing of just a few perspective females out of the "magic barrel." He took the small amount of information that he acquired from a short conversation and said to have weeded out all of the choices that were not fit for Leo. Also, he made Leo wait and go through steps before he agreed to show the pictures of these individuals to him. I t was just plainly weird. In the end of the story is where it becomes increasingly stranger. At the point in which Leo seemed to finally find out some of the secrets about Salzman, when he went to his house and found that it wasn't exactly what he had expected. The "magic barrel" was not there. This was the basis of the story and a main point in what we knew about the mysterious salesman of people. Leo was supposed to be one step closer to finding out what is hidden about Salzman, but instead after he returned to his apartment, he was more shocked by how the man knew exactly where to be at that time. The final sentence or final thought of the novel makes the reader even more confused about the actual character of Salzman. He commences to say a prayer when the man in whom he has been searching for a match for, finally found a female. The Magic Barrel :: essays research papers The Character of Salzman The character of Salzman, throughout the novel becomes increasingly mysterious. His appearance at many different times is extremely awkward. It is also spooky how he has the knowledge of things that he plainly should not be informed of. His character to put it plainly is just weird. Salzman has the typical salesman characteristics in the start of the novel. Instead of selling the products of material possession, he is already weird because he chooses to sell other people. His work is also mysterious. He doesn't simply lie out all he has on the table, but instead sifts through what he has, and shows what he wants. This is evident in his choosing of just a few perspective females out of the "magic barrel." He took the small amount of information that he acquired from a short conversation and said to have weeded out all of the choices that were not fit for Leo. Also, he made Leo wait and go through steps before he agreed to show the pictures of these individuals to him. I t was just plainly weird. In the end of the story is where it becomes increasingly stranger. At the point in which Leo seemed to finally find out some of the secrets about Salzman, when he went to his house and found that it wasn't exactly what he had expected. The "magic barrel" was not there. This was the basis of the story and a main point in what we knew about the mysterious salesman of people. Leo was supposed to be one step closer to finding out what is hidden about Salzman, but instead after he returned to his apartment, he was more shocked by how the man knew exactly where to be at that time. The final sentence or final thought of the novel makes the reader even more confused about the actual character of Salzman. He commences to say a prayer when the man in whom he has been searching for a match for, finally found a female.

Definition Paper -- essays research papers

Beauty is commonly referred to as â€Å"Qualities that ignite the senses and exalt the mind.† The term â€Å"beauty† was borrowed from the French term â€Å"beaute`.† I personally believe there is no accurate definition, because no ones eyes interpret beauty similarly. My personal definition is based solely on past experiences. When my eyes adjust to view what I seem to be studying so intently, and I am comfortably aware of the attention I am giving it, I am assured that it is full of beauty. To analyze its exterior and to fully appreciate intricate details are, to me, grounds for pure beauty. John Ruskin stated â€Å"Remember that the most beautiful things in the world are the most useless; peacocks and lilies, for instance.† This is the most exhilarating type of beauty. Appreciating the simplistic pleasur...