Pros & Cons of Textbooks

The first popes of which were printed in 1454-1455. Only forty-eight original copies are known to existence, of which twenty-one are complete, Here Is a photo of a preserved Gutenberg Bible located at the New York library. Monsoons, 2011) In 2012, Steven Krebs author of The Printing Press states, â€Å"Printing facilitated the dissemination and preservation of knowledge In standardized form this was most Important In the advance of science, technology and scholarship. The printing press certainly initiated an â€Å"information revolution† on par with the Internet today. (Krebs, 2012) The ability to ass-produce and supply books led the world to formal schooling. Out of a demand for books that were specially designed for scholars, the textbook was created. The title of the first textbook used in American schools was â€Å"The New England Primer. † According to the Library of Congress. Books That Shaped America 1800 to 1850. â€Å"More than 6 million copies In 450 editio ns of the New England Primer were printed between 1681 and 1830. † (Rosemary Fry Polkas, 2014) Now two centuries later there is another Information revolution.The move to open-source material Is on Its way to the classroom. In addition, it will be accelerated by President Beam's push to invest in creating free online course as a part of his proposal to have digital textbooks in schools by the end of 2017. Textbooks have not gone the way of tablets yet, but many educators say that it will not be long before they are replaced. Being students and having to purchase, carry, and use textbooks led to tonight's topic on the pros and cons of textbooks In the classroom. Textbooks are frequently controversial, are they up to date?Are they effective? Now its forms of presentation are subjects of debate. Five sections including the introduction, the pros for textbooks, the cons, followed with tonight's recommendation and lastly, a strong conclusion. At the end, you will learn the pros and cons of textbooks in the classroom and a detailed explanation of why our recommendation will make the most sense. Transition: The four pros in favor of the textbook in the classroom. L. The four pros of textbooks In the classroom. A. First, textbooks provide organized units of work.According to The Complete Idiots Guide to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Fredrick's, a textbook will give you all the Lana and lessons you need to cover a topic in some detail. (Frederick's, 2005) When you are a student or teacher In class, you can depend on your textbooks to have the right information needed to complete a lesson and pass a test. Teachers are able to focus on what or how their teaching because textbooks contains the tools that practices for students like linking the past and present, and recognizing cause and effect. B. Secondly, a textbook is very durable and dependable.Unlike tablets, if you drop your textbook there is no worry of it breaking. There are many varieties of textbooks. Wh en you read and learn from a textbook, you are more likely to remember that lesson later in life. According to Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook, the study of text structure has focused on how a reader builds cognitive representations from the text. In addition, studies indicate that using principle-first or textbook structure is more effective for long-term retention and understanding by novice readers. We are used to using textbooks. (Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, 1997) C.Next, children are more focused and have a positive outcome with textbooks. According to an article based on literacy issued by riff. Org, states that in 11,000 reports, children's book lending and ownership programs were shown to have positive behavioral, educational, and psychological outcomes. Children whom have access to print materials or textbooks reading performances are improved. Why? When children are provided with the right material or books it helps, them read better. With great er access to books, children are able to convey their enjoyment of books or academics, resulting of improved attitudes towards reading and learning. Mm Lindsay, 2010) D. The final pro about a textbook is if taken care of properly, a textbook will last for a very long time. One of the oldest multi-page books in the world is the Etruscan Gold Book. According to Winning Lane Books, the Etruscan Gold Book was discovered 70 years ago while digging off the Stratum River in Bulgaria. Monsoons, 2011) The estimated age of this book would be 2,763 years old. Textbooks are reusable and are handed from classroom to classroom. Transition: Now that you have heard the pros of textbooks in the classroom here is some of the cons. II.The four cons of textbooks in the classroom. A. Having textbooks in the classroom can have its downsides, such as having a limited source of information, the weight it bares on a student's back and cost. According to The Complete Idiot's Guide to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Frederick's, having a designated textbook per class only provides one perspective on a concept or issue. It is a sole source of information. How good is a mechanic if he only has one tool? (Frederick's, 2005) B. Next, another problem textbooks present are the weight that it bares on a student's back.An article posted in Kids' Health on icepack safety last accessed in June 2014 the weight from books in a backpack can compress the vertebrae in a child's growing spine and can lead to poor posture and back pain. (Dowdies, 2013) I found this fact especially concerning as a student who carries books back and forth from class. At times, I find myself hunched over trying to even out the weight of my books in my bag. Now imagine an elementary school student with his or her math book on that small body. Concerning right? C. Another default of having textbooks in the classroom is the impact on the environment.In an article posted in the Washington Post in 2010 by Stephan Lawman, appear . 1. 45 million tons of paper was used to produce textbooks. (Lawman, 2010) That's must continue to be â€Å"Green† in our way of living. D. Lastly, cost is a large drawback of textbooks in the classroom. According to an article posted on Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Children's Books for Kids of All Ages composed in November of 2008, an average elementary book can cost more than $100. 00. (Rap, 2008) A very popular topic of conversation in politics is educational budget and how there Just is to enough money for schools.How are we to afford books that cost over $100. 00 each? In Florida, the average class size is approximately 25 students. That is $2500 for just one classroom. The real question we must ask ourselves is can we really afford books in the classroom. Transition: Now, in detail our recommendation for keeping printed textbooks in the classrooms and why it is the best option. Ill. Recommendation A. All of those cons can easily be countered with a simpl e logical explanation. Outdated source information is an invalid argument for most courses because codebooks are recycled every seven-ten years.How much has a pre-1900 history class changed in the past 10 years? Not much, because it would be impossible to changed what happened. In addition, for most basic science class, focus on the scientific laws has not changed in a hundred years. For more advanced and current classes online sourcing may be an additional layer for resources but the textbook still offers a good basis of information on the subject. B. Textbooks are long lasting and durable. They can fall from your desk or slip out of your hands and when it hit the ground it goes not crash or have a black out moment.You pick them up and they are ready to continue from where you left off. C. Back pain is a large problem in today's society however a type of eye fatigue or eyestrain commonly caused by computers is known as computer vision syndrome. It affects about 50%-90% of computer workers. (Eye Fatigue: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment) If students start using computers instead of textbooks, this could affect them too. D. Cost is a complaint many people have about textbooks, but E-Books are usually only $10 less than textbook form. That is cause most of the cost is writing and publishing not paper.E. After reviewing all the pros and cons, we are recommending that it is in the best interest of the students and the learning process to continue using textbooks instead of adopting different technologies. Textbooks were made to be in the classroom and should stay in the classroom. Transition: Thank you for listing to our recommendation for keeping textbooks in the classroom, here now is the final wrap up. IV. Conclusion A. Remember, that nothing on this planet is perfect; there will always be pros and cons of everything that exists.With that said there are pros and cons of textbooks, as many of you know. The pros of texts books are that material is well organized i n particular sections, books are durable and you do not have to worry if you drop it, textbook will last forever. The cons of textbooks are that it limits us to one source of information, textbooks are heavy, and that it cost a lot of money having to buy new textbooks for every class. B. Based on our group's personal experiences and our pros and cons of textbooks, we feel comfortable in recommending that keeping textbooks in the classroom is best.

Pre-Eclampsia

Nicole McLean RN Understanding Preeclampsia Drexel University Understanding Preeclampsia Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. â€Å"Preeclampsia complicates 3-5% of all pregnancies and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for both mother and infant† (Pettit & Brown, 2012, p. 6). The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. It is usually diagnosed after 20 weeks gestation. A diagnosis is made by elevated blood pressures and with or without proteinuria. The treatment of this disorder is geared towards management of symptoms, preventing seizures and controlling hypertension.I chose this topic because I am a labor and delivery nurse and find this to be a popular disorder of pregnancy. This disorder is very common among the nulliparity (first pregnancy) population. â€Å"Although the exact cause of preeclampsia remains unknown, much research effort has been exerted on the study of pathophysiological mechanisms† (Townsend & Drummond, 2011, p. 245). Pettit & Brown (2012) found that the placenta and the re-modeling of the uterine arteries is a factor in preeclamptic disease.Preeclampsia is usually diagnosed on a routine pre-natal visit during blood pressure checks and urine dips. Urine dips show the presence of protein in the urine. According to ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) the criteria for diagnosing preeclampsia is a systolic blood pressure > 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90mmHg that occurs after 20 weeks gestation in a woman with previously normal blood pressure. Also, the presence of proteinuria, which is the urinary excretion of 0. g of protein or higher in a 24 – hour urine specimen (ACOG bulletin 33, 2002, p. 160). The goal of treatment is aimed towards preventing seizures and blood pressure management. â€Å"The long held principle that delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia prevails† (Townsend & Drummond, 2011, p. 299). â€Å"Thus, interventions are curre ntly designed to either deliver the fetus or make sure the mother and fetus are safe to continue the pregnancy while allowing time for fetal lung maturity to occur† (Townsend & Drummond, 2011,p. 299).In my institution, Magnesium sulfate is the gold standard of care for preeclamptic patients. We use this drug to prevent seizures and anti-hypertensives to control blood pressure. Close monitoring of these patients is crucial. Our hospital protocol involves monitoring maternal well being, which includes blood pressure checks hourly, monitoring of liver and kidney function, and obtaining daily weights at the same time each day for evaluation of tissue fluid retention. We also monitor fetal well-being by continuously monitoring the fetal heart rate with an external fetal monitor.It is important to encourage these patients to maintain a nutritious diet with moderate protein intake to compensate for the protein that may be lost in the urine. In conclusion, the most common medical comp lication of pregnancy is hypertension. The main goal is to keep the mother pregnant for as long as possible. Both the mother and baby will be closely monitored, and if the mother is term or if the baby is in distress the doctor may decide to induce labor or perform a cesarean – section.The most important thing is maternal and fetal well being. References American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 33: Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. 99(1): 159 -167, January 2002. Pettit, F. , & Brown, M. A. (2012). The management of pre-eclampsia: What we think we know. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 160(1), 6. doi:10. 1016/j. ejogrb. 2011. 09. 049 Townsend, N. S. , & Drummond, S.B. (2011). Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology and implications for care. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 25(3), 245. Intellectual Honesty Certification I certify that this assignment is presented as entirely my own intellectual work. Any words and/or ideas from other sources (e. g. printed publications, Internet sites, electronic media, other individuals, groups, or organizations) have been  properly indicated using the appropriate scholarly citation style required by the department or College.I have not submitted this assignment in its entirety to satisfy the requirements of any other course. Any parts of this assignment from other courses have been discussed thoroughly with the faculty member before this submission so that there is an understanding that I have used some of this work in a prior assignment. Student’s Signature_Nicole McLean Course Submitted_Nursing 324: Online Tools for Success Term Fall 2012 Date   November 25, 2012

Company Introduction, Market Segmentation, and Product Positioning Assignment

Company Introduction, Market Segmentation, and Product Positioning - Assignment Example Additionally, recent financial crisis has also affected company’s revenue trends and has raised concern in management to focus on foreign markets and explore regions which have potential demand for its products. The management of the company is now planning to target a foreign market for its products, where the company can expand its products’ line and generate more revenues. In this regard, the management of the company believe that UAE is the most appropriate target foreign market while considering the nature of company’s business. Mission Statement UW’s mission statement is to â€Å"become a favorite clothing brand of kids both in UK and internationally†. Target Foreign Market for Company’s Product The company has planned to target kids clothing market in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The rationale for doing so is that there has been a phenomenal increase recorded in the demand and consumption of kids clothing. Moreover, kids clothing br ands which have already entered UAE’s market have earned their place in the market. ... Following are the key factors favoring UAE as a target market for UW’s brand: Kids clothing brands market has experienced a growth of 16 % in the United Arab Emirates during the year 2010 (Jones, 2012). According to Liwa Trading, kids clothing brands, who are popular in other parts of the world, are expressing their wish to enter UAE’s market (Jones, 2012). Kids in the UAE have an increasing concern of what they wear and have developed a fashion sense (Jones, 2012). In 2011, there were about $ 1 billion spent by people living in the UAE on children clothing and footwear brands, thus implying how strong demand and consumption is for kids clothing products (Jones, 2012). There is a wide range of prices of clothing available in the UAE’s store, i.e. prices of clothing products are ranged between Dh 250 and Dh 2,500, and as a result UW can set its target price for products relatively easily (Jones, 2012). Potential Audience for a Marketing Plan The potential audience s of a marketing plan can be both internal and external stakeholders of a business. These stakeholders include management, departmental staff, investors, regulatory authorities, analysts, customers and others. The needs of this wide audience for a marketing plan may vary from person to person. It is actually the perceptions they have which in turn shape their needs. People listen what they want to listen, and the same goes for marketing plan. Information contained in a marketing plan may be of high value and interest for management, but at the same time it may be regarded as useless or even unworthy to be looked at by others. Therefore, a perfect marketing plan caters the

The Geology of Dagger Mountain at big bend national park Term Paper

The Geology of Dagger Mountain at big bend national park - Term Paper Example Several cretaceous sedimentary rocks are present and they include buda, boquillas, santa Elena, and del rio. The site also consists of two faults which include the basin and range high angel fault and Laramide thrust fault which create a graben. The Dagger Mountain has an elevation of 4173 feet and 1300 feet of relief. The anticline of the mountain is trending at north- northwest within the Sierra del Carmen. There are a number of reverse faults and folds. They are located on the eastern side of cordilleran orogen. On the eastern Trans-pecos province, there are mafic sills found near the Dagger Mountain. The mafic sills are made up of magmas that crystallized after cordilleran contraction and at the beginning of range and basin extension (Cloud et al 121). The anticline of Dagger Mountain is one of the laramide orogen (Cullen et al 105). This is a period of mountain building which started seventy to eighty million years ago in the late cretaceous. It then ended thirty to fifty five million years ago. Laramide orogen was triggered by subduction of tectonic plate and took place in sequence of pulses. The intrusions of Sierra del Carmen towards the Trans-Pecos province, occurred during the mafic and alkali rich felsic lava flows, and the pyroclastic flows (Cullen et al 106). The lava flow formed a northwest trending belt which intruded the north part of Mexico. This belt holds the Dagger Mountain. At the end of laramade orogeny, most of the magmas were produced by the mantle upwelling. The production of magmas was triggered by the foundering subduction of farallon plates. The field trip made to the big bend national park was based on the study and observation of dagger mountain’s cretaceous sedimentary rocks as well as igneous intrusions. The following were some of the discovery made in the field: There are a number of cretaceous sedimentary rocks discovered within and around

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society Essay

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society - Essay Example This has been mainly because of the fact that a large number of single mothers also have to work to earn a living for their children and despite having jobs, it has been found that it is still difficult for them to make ends meet. Â  Studies that have been conducted in recent years have shown that the presence of a father in a child’s life is extremely important in ensuring that they develop in a proper environment where they feel safe. However, the lack of paternal presence in the lives of children can be very difficult for these children and it has been found that a large number of children brought up by single mothers end up being delinquents. This is mainly because of the fact that many mothers are often out working in order to make ends meet and because they have no partner to spend time with the children and guide them when they are away, it creates a situation where children come into the influence of their peers (Son & Bauer, 2010). The result is that a large number of children end up getting involved in drug abuse and crime from an early age and this is because of the mental deficiency that comes about because of the lack of one parent. While it is highly commendable for single mothers to work hard to support their children, this is often also counterproductive because they spend too much time from their children, ensuring that there is a lack of communication between them (Christopher, England, Smeeding & Katherin, 2002). This is where the presence of a father is important because even though both parents may work, at least one of them will be able to spare time to spend with the children and this makes it possible for the children to appreciate their presence. In addition, the presence of two working parents ensures that there is more income for the family, resulting in less need to work long hours to make ends meet.

Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have Research Paper

Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have selected - Research Paper Example This is evident from the expenses made by the company in relation to the employees as well as retirees health along with the pension benefits. The company seems to have been participating in the various benefit plans such as multi-employer pension and health as well as welfare plans which is essentially trustee-managed. The benefits are provided to the employees and are generally enclosed under collective bargaining agreement. There are various factors such as improper performance of the investment, modification in the demographic and enhanced benefits for the participants that make the company contribute to the plans. It is worthy of mentioning that the company provides single-employer defined benefit as well as post-retirement benefit plan. The company also provides its employees with UPS Excess Coordinating Benefit plan thus providing benefits to the ones who are participating in the UPS Retirement Plan (Homestead, n.d.). It can be mentioned that there are numerous benefit programs that the company tend to employ on a continuous basis for the purpose of retaining the talent in the organization for a longer period of time. It is through such benefit plans that the quality of the work lives of the employees are improved along with significant enhancement of the personal lives of the employees. In the above section, it has been found that UPS has been providing its employees with numerous benefits so that the talent can be retained with the organization and thus the goals of the organization can be achieved. However, it has been observed that despite various competitive employee benefit plan programs, the company has few lacunas in its benefit plans. It has been noticed that the UPS is unable to offer its employees with the same benefit that Central States used to offer. After the company has withdrawn from Central States, the employees are supposed to register in the 401K plan in order to ensure that they obtain enough retirement income. It has also

Healthcare and Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Healthcare and Health Policy - Essay Example Global standards of healthcare quality also helped developing countries offer more healthcare services. For example, several customers from developed countries like the United Kingdom and Canada make use of the healthcare service offered at Indian hospitals. Many Indian hospitals give quality health care services that are of reasonable cost. Circulation of health professionals is considered to be one of the impacts of globalization in healthcare sector. The movement of healthcare professionals is found to be negatively affecting developing countries. Young professionals from developing countries settle in developed countries. Developed countries lack medical healthcare professionals and recruit professionals from developing countries. The movement of professionals is done through international recognition of professional degrees. The movement of patients is a new trend. The trend is termed as medical tourism. Fertility treatment provided in western European countries attracts people from the United States. The fertility treatment in European countries cost only half of the treatment cost in the United States. The Elective surgery is cheaply provided in highly sophisticated Indian hospitals. The cost is only 20% of the cost of the same treatment in the Western countries. National initiatives are preferred over personal i nitiatives these days. For example, Tunisia had organized a conference in 2004 targeting health care purchasers from different countries. Even the purchasers from public systems would be interested in these types of offers as there is a significant reduction in healthcare costs. The same trend can cause several negative impacts. When certain countries offer healthcare facilities to rich foreigners, they ignore the local population who cannot afford the same expense. Local population will not be benefited by the healthcare service if the service is busy serving the foreigners. Developing countries are thus negatively

The Strategy Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Strategy Experience - Essay Example All these will be supported through strong theoretical backgrounds. The key agendas in meeting 1 were Market opportunity in china, Sustainability policy, culture change in New York and consultants report on opportunities in digital media. The agendas in meeting two were client churn- critical success factors, sponsorship opportunity, knowledge sharing and communication coordination and corporate governance. The agendas of third meeting were launching cine FX in London and New York - core / non core business services, market opportunity Asian SME\s - strategic directions / diversification / market development, changing organisational structure to meet our strategic challenges and bringing down print costs - the power of buyers / suppliers in procurement. Lastly, the agendas of meeting four were competitor action puts pressure on margins in our market insights business, profiting from sustainability, strategic alliance Indian advertising market and rationalisation and cost cutting. In the first board meeting, the company’s first agenda was to discuss about the market opportunity in china. Initially, the company had a thought that there is no assurance that entering this market will be beneficial for the company. In addition, it was also identified that increased profitability will not be an immediate venture, but at the same time not entering the Chinese market will have financial impact on the company. The next key agenda of discussion was sustainability policy. This issue was discussed because of the fact that sustainability has clearly been a key issue in this present business context. Moreover, sustainability issues can impact WRSX Group both internally and externally. The strategic intention as well as the strategic choice pertaining to management of sustainability has remained the same. It has been observed that management of sustainability is increasing the confidence of investors. The third one is

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 16

Philosophy - Essay Example But both the types of existentialists think that existence precedes essence. In simple words, idea of the object comes first and then, based on that idea, objects are created. Thus, according to Christian existentialist, man is the result or realization of a specific concept of God. Atheist existentialist says that human reality was created that gave identity to man and it was man himself, who defined how and what he will be. Therefore, according to atheist existentialist, since God does not exists, there is no concept of human nature but once man comes into existence, he is, what he makes of himself to be. This is a very interesting concept of human reality. Man, being a subjective reality, can mold himself into any desired image that he can conceive for himself. When a man makes a choice, he needs to be responsible because he is also representative of mankind and indirectly responsible for all men. It means that man cannot transcend human subjectivity. When a man decides to act in certain manner, he does so because he thinks that is the right way to act and that is how he would expect others to act. Similarly when he makes a choice, he opts for something that he accepts is important and which has considerable value for him. One can never deliberately choose evil so it can be correctly interpreted that we always make effort to choose things and actions that are good. Since things can only be good for one if they are considered good by one and all, therefore, it can be said that one’s responsibility becomes greater because it involves all human-being. Indeed, when he says that â€Å"Existentialism is nothing other than an attempt to draw all the consequences of a coherent atheistic position†, he implies that man acts in a certain manner because he knows those actions have some definite value for him and therefore,

Compare and Contrast Research Essay on Oedipus Rex

Compare and Contrast Research on Oedipus Rex - Essay Example It is dramatic irony that the residents are seeking the solution to the problem from the one person causing their suffering by killing his predecessor king Laius. Both the residents and king Oedipus are privy of this fact. Dramatic irony is an aspect of style used in literary analysis in which the words as well as the actions of the characters in a given work of literature portray a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters themselves. The situation arises when the reader seem to have a wider knowledge than the characters in the story. It can further be defined as a dramatic effect in which the audience is lead to develop an understanding of an incongruity that exist between a given situation and the accompanying speeches while the characters in the play are completely not aware of the incongruity. Dramatic irony comes when the old prophet, Tiresias is summoned by the king; Oedipus ridicules him because he is blind. The audience understands that Oedipus is blind to the truth. Tiresias in a fit of anger tells Oedipus that though he can see he is â€Å"blind† to the truth. When Oedipus becomes blind, he finally realizes the truth of what Tiresias had told him. The dramatic irony is that it is actually the blind man who sees in mocking Tiresias, Oedipus calls Tiresias â€Å"shameless and brainless, sightless, senseless sot. It is ironical when Oedipus calls the old man shameless when he is actually the one who is shameless for killing his father, inheriting his throne and marrying his own mother. When he vows not to stop until he finds and punishes Laius’ killer he says: â€Å"Now, since I am ruler and holds this kingdom that he held before- holding also the bed and wife we have both sown; and children of the same mother would have been born to us, had his line no t been ill-fated-since chance (270) has driven me into that one’s powers, therefore I shall

The Emotions Explored in the Poems Essay Example for Free

The Emotions Explored in the Poems Essay What Emotions does Tennyson explore in the poems ‘Mariana’ and ‘In the Valley of Cauteretz’ and what methods does he use to convey a range of emotions effectively? Tennyson explores many emotions throughout Marianna, In the Valley of Cauteretz which have been reflected from his life. Born to a large family of 12, Alfred Tennyson had many fears and worries in his life. Some of these worries included money due to the fact that Aunt Elizabeth Russell and Uncle Charles Tennyson had a great deal of wealth than that of his own family. Tennyson also had a lifelong fear of developing a mental illness as several of the men in his family had a mild form of epilepsy. In those days it was thought to be a shameful disease which was made worse by the fact that his father was an alcoholic. His fathers’ condition worsened and he became paranoid, abusive, and violent. Marianna is a poem about Marianna, a woman who has been waiting for her true love and has become more and more desperate in an old lonely grange with a moat. Tennyson uses a range of techniques to portray Marianna’s emotions. The idea of loneliness and grief is highlighted with the use of pathetic fallacy and nature ‘after the flitting of the bats when the thickest dark did trance the sky’. Tennyson stresses her desperation at the last four lines of each stanza which recurs but with slight modifications ‘She only said,’ my life is dreary, He cometh not,’ she said; She said, ‘I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead! ’ It is almost a death wish which slowly she believes. In ‘In the valley of Cauteretz’ it is clear that grief, sorrow and loneliness are recurring themes in Tennyson’s work. Right from the beginning of this short poem the effect the reader gets is that he is writing about a time in his life from experience and he is trying to go back to when he was happiest. ‘I walked with one I loved two and thirty years ago. All along the valley, while I walked today’. Tennyson tries to hide the bad times and think about the positive ‘the voice of the dead was a living voice to me’ showing that even though someone is dead, to him he is still alive. Tennyson had a friend called Arthur Hallam who died at a very young age hich was a great shock, because of this he presented the preciousness of youth in his poems by creating images which stress youthful joy. In the valley of Cauteretz describes an experience on revisiting a valley in the Pyrenees, years after he had been there with his now dead friend. This valley appears to shoe the reader a great psychological significance. As Tennyson describes himself travelling the valley, there are different elements which are triggered and crafter to create a lasting sense of how his friends’ death still affects himself decades later. Tennyson uses a range of different poetic techniques to convey all these emotions effectively. Some may think that the use of repetition highlights the desperation and sadness of the ‘characters’ he writes about in his poems however the dactylic, experimental rhythm in my opinion helps make sentences stand out and in ‘in the valley of Cauteretz’ makes him want to portray his friend as different and that they didn’t have just an ordinary friendship but a very string bond. Tennyson makes it clear to the reader that the valley was a place he had been before and had many memories from that place and he goes back in time using language making it seem as though the past has come alive ‘i walked with one I loves two and thirty years ago. All along the valley, while i walked today; two and thirty years were a mist that rolls away. Tennyson also used rhyming couplets which add effect of time passing by and to show that nothing has changed. In Mariana Tennyson also uses some of these techniques but for different reasons. He uses nature and sounds to show that there was nothing there, no feeling, no life. The mood of ‘Marianna’ does contrast to that of ‘In the Valley of Cauteretz’ however the themes throughout both are the same and based on Tennyson’s life experiences. Marianna is a poem about a woman in a daydream that she will be rescued by her love and swept away from this forlorn, dreary place. It is clear that in the final stanza Marianna has finally accepted that she will not be rescued by her true love and her final death wish is flooded with sadness ‘The sparrows chirrup on the roof, The slow clock ticking and the sound, Which to the wooing wind aloof, The poplar made, did all confound, Her sense; but most she loathed the hour, When the thick-moted sunbeam lay, Athwart the chambers, and the day, Was sloping toward his western bower. Then, said she, I am very dreary, He will not come, she said; she wept, I am aweary, aweary, Oh God, that I were dead! In conclusion Tennyson explored many emotions linked to grief, sadness and loneliness effectively with the use of exciting language, repetition and metaphors referring to all the good times with his friend. Word Count: 886

Right and Wrong Ethics Philosophy

Right and Wrong Ethics Philosophy In everyday life, we are always faced with the task of determining whether certain actions are right or wrong. Ethics can thus be defined as a branch of philosophy that addresses issues of morality. Ethics is also referred to as moral philosophy. Moral philosophy is the systematic study of the nature of morality (Furrow 1). Questions involving such concepts as good and evil, right and wrong, vice and virtue are addressed in this systematic study. Such questions include; what I ought to do in a certain situation? How I ought to live? Ethics is a coherent discipline in philosophy that strives to answer some practical questions that form a basis of establishing the guiding principles and values of an individual or society. Gensler (3) outlines two major branches of moral philosophy or ethics namely: Metaethics is the branch that attempts to study the nature and the methodology of moral judgments. Questions to be addressed under this branch include; what do good and ought mean? Are there moral truths and how can we justify or rationally defend beliefs about right or wrong? A metaethical view of morality has two parts; one part is concerned with the nature of moral judgments which is often the definition of good, the other part is about the methodology usually outlining how to select moral principles. Gensler (3) states that normative ethics studies principles about how to live. It asks questions like; what are the basic principles of right and wrong? What are the basic human rights? And is abortion right or wrong? Normative ethics is further classified into two levels; normative theory which looks for the very general moral principles and applied normative ethics which studies moral questions about specific areas like abortion, lying, euthanasia and surrogacy. Why study ethics? The study of ethics and more specifically the development of major ethical theories can be traced back to the Ancient Greek philosophy propounded by such philosophers as Aristotle and Socrates. In the modern life, ethics has captured the attention of various philosophers in diverse fields who are progressing in an attempt to answer various questions that are raised by the contemporary moral issues. Thus some of the reasons for studying ethics include; The study of ethics deepens our reflection on the ultimate questions of life. This reflection helps an individual to understand himself or herself better regarding the principles of some pertinent issues in life. Gensler (4) argues that if you have not wrestled with some of lifes deeper questions, then you are not a well-educated person. Ethics enables an individual to be an all-rounded person in life. The study of moral philosophy can help us to think better about morality. Some issues arise especially in the modern world and individuals are faced with ultimate questions on the moral basis of those issues such as abortion. For instance individuals adopt different approaches in dealing with the issue of abortion, while the proponents maintain that the mother has the principal right to make decisions concerning her body, the opponents argue that the sanctity of life should be maintained at all times and that the growing foetus has a right to life which is a major basic human right. Thus Gensler (4) states that moral philosophy or ethics can improve our perspective, and make it more reflective and better thought out. Another major reason of studying ethics or moral philosophy is to sharpen our general thinking processes. In philosophy we are able to learn very significant intellectual skills that guide our reasoning and thinking. Thus we can logically reason out concerning fundamental or ultimate questions in real life while critically evaluating the conflicting view points and consequently settle for decision that reflects on our values and principles as individuals. Ethics is undoubtedly a very interesting subject to study. Ethics provokes some good or healthy debates with other people, especially if the two or more people naturally have conflicting view points on major issues of life. These interesting debates stimulate and sharpen our thinking and imagination enabling people to re-think our view point giving room for alter or improve our perspectives in future events. History of ethics The history of ethics can be traced to three periods of thoughts as outlined by Gensler et al (25) namely the ancient, medieval and the modern period of thought. Ancient period of thought; philosophers who contributed to the development of ethics in this period include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans and stoics. In the west, philosophical inquiry into ethics began with the ancients Greeks. Greek ethicists inquired into how a person could use reason to achieve the good life but they did not reach a consensus about what the good life is and the nature of the practical reason that can reach it. Socrates and Plato were concerned with act-oriented ethics which is primarily concerned with what we do. Aristotle (384-322BC), a student of Plato, modified a number of his Mentors idealistic and quasi-religious ethical views (Gensler et al 27). Aristotle is said to have rejected Platos ethical views and subsequently developed the aretaic, or virtue ethics. Gensler et al (27) argues that Aristotle proposed that virtue ethics is interested ultimately who we are despite our actions. Aristotle further clarified that virtue does not come naturally; an individual needs to be trained or educated to be virtuous. Virtue if of two types; Moral, which deals in part with the irrational part of the soul and the intellectual, which involves only the rational part of the soul. Gensler et al (28) argues that the highest form of virtue is found not in enjoying friends but in contemplating truth. During the period of Epicureans and stoics, philosophers became concerned with the practicalities of dealing with the political and social instability since in 323 BC, Greece fell into a significant decline leading to numerous battles for parts of the empire. Medieval period of thought: prominent philosophers in this period include St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus and William of Ockham. The political and social instability in the ancient period of thought continued into this period as the philosophers got more interested into gaining a deeper insight into this issue. This led to the analysis of human actions by the philosophers. Augustine proposed that human freedom stemmed from the lack of causal influences while Aquinas believed that human freedom stemmed from the internal deliberation that causes our actions. Gensler et al (31) claims that Aquinas analyzed actions on the basis not only of their conformity to the natural law but also of their specific features; the object of an action defines the action (talking to a person), the circumstances consider the context in which the action takes place (in a lecture hall during a lecture), and the end is the acts purpose (to ask the person a question about the lecture). All these t hree aspects of action must be proper for the act to be considered good. Both Scotus and Ockham maintained that the matters of moral judgement were settled ultimately not by reason but by faith. Thus Gensler et al ( 31) claims that their views reinforced a stronger sense of individual autonomy both in moral and political matters. Hence the medieval view on ethics was the belief in the existence of God and that eternal salvation should be the principal motivation for the ethical behaviour. Modern period of thought: philosophers use the term modern to denote the enlightenment period which is approximately the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Modern is contrasted with the contemporary that roughly covers the last hundred years, the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries. Philosophers who made immense contributions in ethics during this period include; Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Gensler et al (32) states that ethics in the modern age began with a movement from the other-worldly focus that dominated medieval ethics. Although these prominent philosophers of the time did not reject the existence of God, a medieval idea, they rejected the view that humans should look up to God as a guide to their actions. They equally disputed the medieval idea that eternal salvation should be the motivation for ethical behavior. To the modern philosophers, the purpose of ethics is not to instruct humans how best to love God, but, rather, to show hum ans how best to live together in this world (Gensler et al 32). Major ethical theories Some of the major ethical theories that have influenced modern thinking in the United States include; utilitarianism, Kantian ethics and Aristotelian ethics. Utilitarianism also known as the consequentialist theory states that the consequences of an action of a given individual make an action moral or immoral. Hence, an action that contributes to beneficial consequences is considered right or moral while an action that results in harmful or destructive consequences is immoral or wrong. Driver (3) claims that the theory holds that an action or a law is right if only it produces the best outcome; only if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. To the proponents of this theory, any action is morally justified to the extent that it maximizes gains and minimizes the costs or harms. Some of the philosophers in support of this theory are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Bentham, an 18th century philosopher usually likened happiness with pleasure thus a good life and unhappiness with pain thus an unhappy life. Mill who was a 19th century philosopher, used his theory of utilitarianism to criticize laws that he felt were poin tless and even harmful to society such as womens suffrage (Driver 3). Hence it is clear that utilitarianism ethical theory maintains that an action is moral or right when the consequences are beneficial to the majority of the parties involved and not only the person doing that action. In addition, the consequences of such an action must be evaluated, not only the immediate consequences but also the short-term and long-term consequences. Kantian ethics: this is a theory that stresses on the duties and rights in the moral evaluation of any human action. The proponent of this theory, Immanuel Kant has rejected the consequentialist proposition of considering the consequences of an action to determine whether it is moral or immoral. Kant argues that the motivation behind any human action is what matters in the moral evaluation of such actions and not the consequences. Thus actions that are moral or right are those done out of a sense of duty, which means that an individual does it since one recognizes that it is the right thing to do. Bennett (75) states that Kant used some famous formulations of categorical imperative i.e. the name he gives to the fundamental principle of morality. Kant believed in the respect of persons and thus people should never be treated as a mere means, but only ever at the same time as an end. We are able to know our duty since we are uniquely rational as human beings, a special nature that we p osses that distinguishes us from animals. This theory maintains we should act morally depending on our rights and duties at all times and under all circumstances. Consequently moral actions promote the dignity and worth of other person, not using other persons for own purposes. Aristotelian ethics: the most famous proponent of this theory is Aristotle who stressed on a virtuous life. Virtue ethics do not dwell on the principles or the rules governing our actions like the previous ethical theories but seeks a deeper insight in gaining knowledge on the kind of character that should be possessed by a moral human being. According to Aristotle, a moral virtue is the inclination to do the right thing and avoid doing wrong. This virtuous character does not come naturally but through thorough training and education, thus it is an achievement not a natural predisposition in a human being (Gensler et al 27). Courage, temperance, prudence and justice were considered by Aristotle as the most fundamental moral virtues. In conclusion, the study of ethics is important since it helps us to evaluate our actions based on principles. This critical evaluation of ethical behaviour guides our thinking and action for future events. Ethics is an interesting subject that every person will enjoy studying since it sheds light into how we make decisions concerning the contemporary moral issues.

The Liquid Ring Pump

The Liquid Ring Pump The performance of a two-stage liquid ring pump with water as the sealant liquid was investigated under stand-alone conditions. The parameters varied in this experiment were the cooling water flowrate and inlet air volumetric flowrate which affects the sealant water temperature and pumping speed respectively. Pressure and temperature readings were taken to calculate the compression work and efficiency across the liquid ring pump. It was found that efficiency improved at higher cooling water flowrates and lower sealant water flowrates. As the inlet air mass flowrate was increased, it was also observed that the suction pressure, pumping speed, and compression work increased. These trends compare well to similar investigations done in literature. Assumptions made to describe the performance of the LRP were isothermal compression, ideal gas, dry air as inlet gas, and no loss of energy to the surroundings. Energy balance done across the liquid ring pump showed an agreement to literature ( 1) that isothermal compression was found to be more thermodynamically efficient compared to an adiabatic process. Further work can be done by investigating he pumps performance using different sealant liquids, inlet gas moisture content, and in conjunction with reflux/reboiler and reflux/condenser. Problem Statement Morton Labs Inc. has commissioned an independent evaluation of their liquid ring pump rig. They would like a report on the performance of the pump under a wide set of conditions and its suitability to operate with the Reboiler/Condenser and Reflux/Condenser rigs in their plant. Group A3 was required to plan and carry out experiments that can provide data for such evaluation. The evaluation should include mass and energy balance calculations, performance data and an analysis and description of the behaviour of the pump as well as any suitable model. You will have access to their facility and will be shown how to operate the equipment. Introduction The concept of vacuum has long been the subject of interest of philosophers since the times of the Ancient Greeks due to its profound uniqueness and was recreated by physical means with the creation of what can now be described as the first vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke in 1650. (2) Vacuum pumps have been steadily improved and advanced since then but it was not until huge advances in the late 19th and early 20th century paved the path to what would become a vital organ in several industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. (2) In a typical paper mill for example, vacuum is mainly used to assist the removal of water in wire drainage and pressing sections in addition to several other purposes. (3) For such an industry, liquid ring vacuum pumps are utilized in order to create the vacuum needed for the mentioned processes. (4) In order to produce vacuums in the most efficient manner, the behaviour and performance of liquid ring pumps needs to be studied in order to reduce costs of operation and reduce energy consumption. Several investigations such as those by Powle and Kar (4) and Chilvers and Love (5) on measuring the behaviour of liquid ring pumps have been conducted due to the importance of determining performance. The objective of this set of experiments is to determine the performance of the 2 phase Hicks Hargreaves SLR type liquid ring pump the located on the B-floor of the Morton Laboratory. Performance can be described by varying flow conditions of the sealant water and cooling water supplied to the liquid ring pump and taking pressure and temperature measurements accordingly. This report will start by describing the operation of liquid ring pumps and the technical theory used to describe their performance, followed by the experimental plan and the methodology. The data collected will then be analysed in order to create trends describing the compression work and the isothermal efficiency of the pump in question. The report will be concluded by suggesting possible areas to be further studied in addition to answering the objective of the experiment. Background Liquid Ring Pump (LRP) The liquid ring pump operates as a vacuum pump using liquid as a compressing agent. It consists of a metal cylindrical body containing an impeller and blades set off centre with respect to the central line of the pump. The liquid ring pump must then be partially filled with a liquid which will act as the sealant and results in forming a vacuum. This is illustrated in figure 1A. The sealant liquid can be either water, oil or a solvent, depending on the application of the pump. When the impeller starts to rotate it throws the liquid in the pump against the walls by centrifugal force. This will cause the impeller blades closest to the wall to be completely submerged in the liquid sealant and the impeller blades furthest away from the wall create a void space with the liquid ring. This is because the impeller is set off centre. This void space sealed off by the liquid and the impeller can be seen by looking at figure 1B. As the impeller rotates anti-clockwise from the top to the bottom, the area of void between the impeller and liquid sealant expands. This creates a suction force which draws gaseous fluid into the pump inlet, as the impeller carries on rotating anti-clockwise from the bottom to the top the liquid is forced closer to the impeller compressing the void space and creating a compression force which pushes the gaseous fluid out of the pump outlet along with a little bit of the liquid sealant, this is because the liquid is highly turbulent inside the pump. (6) A two stage liquid ring pump is the same as described above but with two cycles in series; so that the outlet from the first stage is the inlet of the second stage. Typical values of the vacuum pressure in a two stage pump decreases to 25 mmHg from 35mmHg in a single stage pump. This shows it is much more efficient at creating the desired low vacuum which ranges from 22.5mmHg to 750mmHg. (B) (A)Figure 1: Illustration of liquid ring pump operation (7) Liquid ring pumps are commonly used on reflux / condenser and reboiler / condenser systems. One such system is the removal of air from steam surface condensers and other industrial processes. The liquid ring pump would be employed to evacuate air and any non-condensable gases from a condenser; the gas removal is done to eliminate the insulating effect of the gases present which affects the heat transfer between the steam and cooling medium. This greatly improves the efficiency of the heat transfer system and results in a smaller condenser surface area required, therefore saving space and costs of running a larger condenser. Typically for running such systems a two-stage liquid ring pump would be favoured to create a hogging operation. The first stage of the pump is used to evacuate the air from the condenser at very high pressures and then the second stage is used to optimize the efficiency of the pump and reduce the amount of peak power required. (8) Vacuum pumps are important units in plants that are involved in many applications like processing food, plastic processes, medical process that requires, etc. There are three types of vacuum pumps which can be concluded as molecular pumps which use very high speed jet of fluid, positive displacement pumps that enlarge the cavity and seal it off in frequent and entrapment pumps that traps fluid in solids. A liquid ring pump falls under the displacement pumps category, however there difference that distinguishes it from other displacement pumps. This is due to a liquid ring being formed, it creates a high convective heat and mass transfer phenomenon which dissipates the thermal effect of compression and achieves near isothermal behaviour. The effect of instantaneous convective heat and mass transfer is so rapid that the gas outlet temperature is noted to be close to the sealant inlet temperature almost instantaneously. Because of this effect the discharge temperature remains roughly co nstant, and since the volumetric flowrate also remains nearly constant then with high suction pressure the mass discharge can be enhanced. This causes the liquid ring pump to have faster evacuation during start up and faster turnaround during cycling. (1) Liquid ring pumps can use a variety of liquids, water is the most common, and the choice is generally related to the pressure you wish to be operating at. Oil is also commonly used as a liquid sealant, since oil has a very low vapour pressure; it is typically used in air-cooled systems. The liquid ring pump is also ideally suited for solvent recovery such as toluene provided the cooling water keeps the vapour pressure of the sealant down to produce the required vacuum. Ionic fluids also can be used to reduce the pressure from about 70mbar to below 1mbar. (9) Cavitation is considered a major issue that is associated with liquid ring pumps due to the fluid environment creating low pressures. At very low pressure, 35 mmHg, water boils at 31.7 CËÅ ¡. Therefore, it is essential to keep the sealant at low temperatures by supplying a cooling water flowrate to the system. Inertial cavitation is caused when the pressure falls below the vapour pressure and cause bubbles to form. These bubbles then start to collapse due to the high pressure of the surrounding medium as the pump starts to compress. As the bubble is collapsing the pressure and temperature inside rapidly start to increase, the bubble will eventually collapse, and this releases the gas into the surrounding liquid with a violent mechanism where the energy is released in a shock-wave. This can cause a series of craters and holes along the impeller this can reduce efficiency of the pump and can be seen in figure [2]. Figure [2]: Cavitation We can see the region of cavitation caused by the outlet water temperature, absolute suction pressure and air flowrate illustrated in figure [3] below. Figure [3] Figure [3] shows how a pump can operate within a safe region and then be carried into the cavitation region with only an increase in temperature. The graph also shows how the liquid in the pump vaporizes under certain conditions. For our experiment it makes sense to control the safe operation of the pump by supplying a cooling water stream. This will keep the temperature down and out of the cavitation region. It is also easier to control as the air flowrate depends on the rig that the liquid ring pump may be connected up to. And the suction pressure will have local variation within the pump. (10) Orifice meter for determining air flowrates The flowmeter used by the DeltaV software in the control room, was used to provide data on inlet air flowrates into the liquid ring pump and was unfortunately faulty. This meant the real time recordings of air flowrates could not be supplied. Thus, calibration of the orifice meter was necessary to determine the inlet air flowrates. Figure ?: Orifice meterA square-edged orifice with radius taps was used to calibrate the inlet air flowrate into the Liquid ring pump. Pressure tappings attached to mercury manometers were located one pipe diameter upstream and one-half pipe diameter downstream from the orifice plate as shown in Figure ?. Bernoullis equation for incompressible, inviscid flow along a streamline (11) without shaft work: Where is the inlet pressure (upstream pressure in this case), Pa is the outlet pressure (downstream pressure in this case), Pa are the inlet and outlet velocity respectively, m s-1 is the density of the fluid, kg m-3 is the gravity acceleration, m s-2 , are the inlet and outlet elevation respectively, m The continuity equation gives (11) Where and are the inlet and outlet cross-sectional area respectively, m2 The volumetric air flowrate across the orifice plate can be expressed by substituting Eq. (2.2.2) into Eq. (2.2.1) to give Where is the volumetric air flowrate across the orifice plate, m3 s-1 is the coefficient of discharge is the orifice cross-sectional area, m2 is the pipe cross-sectional area, m2 A typical equation relating the discharge coefficient, as a function of ÃŽÂ ² and Reynolds number, Re, was adapted to calibrate the orifice meter With the conditions of and Where is the viscosity of the fluid, Pa.s To calibrate the air flowrate across the orifice plate, the cooling water flowrate was kept constant and the pressure drop across the manometers were taken for 10-70 number of turns on Valve 11.6 for varying cooling water flowrates. From typical values of 0.61-0.65 (12), was used as the initial guess for iterations to take place. After three iterations, the values of between the corresponding iterations differ within an order of 10-6 and at the third iteration were used for calculations in this report. Where did the valve come from? Relate to diagram? 2,5,8,11 what? Figure 2: Calibration of inlet air mass flowrates across orifice plate give similar trend and magnitude for varying cooling water flowrates Figure 2 indicates that the varying cooling water flowrates do not affect the air mass flowrates across the orifice plate. Thus, the inlet air mass flowrates depends only on the number of turns on Valve 11.6. Average inlet air mass flowrates for cooling water at 2, 5, 8, and 11 kg h-1 were used to produce the following equation in Figure 3 which will be the calibration used in this experiment. Figure 3: Calibration of averaged inlet mass air flowrate across orifice plate Assumptions Temperature Factor Figure 4: Double Stage Pump (13) The suction pressure created falls within the range of approximately 106 to 531 torr while the temperature of sealant water used entered the pump at approximately 55 °F. These conditions fall within a region where the gradient of the graph is very gentle and the value of the temperature factor is around 1.0. Therefore, the temperature factor to be applied to the flowrate of sealant water is approximately the same even as inlet pressure changes. Also, even as the cooling water flowrate was changed, the sealant water temperature was observed to remain around 55 °F. The temperature factor to be applied would not be greatly affected by either of the two operating variables, namely the cooling water flowrate and the inlet air mass flowrate which affects the suction pressure. Since the temperature factor is approximately 1.0, it can be assumed that the mass flowrate of sealant water entering the pump and leaving the pump to be the same, making the vaporisation of air negligible. This a ssumption is investigated by performing a mass balance across the pump taking into account vaporisation of air during the compression process. Inlet air It is assumed that the inlet air into the Liquid ring pump contains no moisture, thus we refer to the inlet air as dry air. The heat exchanger is assumed to have 100% efficiency in heat transfer between the pump, sealant water, and cooling water streams. Assuming no heat loss to the surroundings, the compression work done by the pump is equal to the heat gained by the cooling water in the heat exchanger. For the purpose of calculating efficiency of the Liquid ring pump for this experiment, it is found to be more to calculate compression work from the cooling water heat gain. Steady State Vapour pressure Vapour pressure refers to the pressure in the gas phase when the liquid and gas phase of a system are in equilibrium. The vapour pressure of the sealant liquid into the Liquid ring pump plays an important role in determining the pump capacity. At higher temperatures of sealant liquid, the vapour pressure increases and more vaporisation occurs, causing a lower flowrate of air into the pump which results in low pump capacity. Although it might seem that maximum cooling of the sealant water might be a good idea, care must be taken that the sealant water temperature do not fall so low that cavitation might occur in the Liquid ring pump. [more on cavitation in limitations section] In this experiment, the temperature of the sealant liquid is varied by changing the cooling water flowrates. The relationship between vapour pressure and pump capacity is investigated. From Antoines equation, the vapour pressure of a liquid within a range of temperature can be determined (14) Where T is the temperature, K is the saturation vapour pressure, mmHg are constants for specific materials. For an air-water system, the standard Antoine coefficients are A=8.05573, B=1723.64, C=233.076  °C, valid between temperatures of 0.01  °C and 373.98  °C. (15) A relationship between the vapour pressure and temperature can be obtained from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (16) Where T1 and T2 are temperatures at condition state 1 and state 2 respectively, K and are vapour pressures at T1 and T2 respectively, Pa is the heat of vaporisation, kJ/kg Isothermal System work done across T2 to T4 equals T7 to T6 T4,6,7? The compression process of a liquid ring pump can be approximated to an isothermal operation at inlet sealant water temperatures. (1) During compression, mechanical energy is converted to compression work and dissipated as thermal energy. The liquid ring formed in the pump provides high heat convection and mass transfer which dissipates the thermal energy, creating a near-isothermal operation. This phenomenon occurs in such a short time scale that the system reaches equilibrium rapidly, and the outlet gas temperature approximates the inlet sealant liquid temperature. Mallick (1) describes this as an achievement of highest degree of thermodynamic efficiency of compression. [Need temperatures to prove this] Compression work From the First Law of Thermodynamics, isothermal compression work of an ideal gas can be expressed by (16) Where W is work, J P is absolute pressure, Pa V is total volume of the system, m3 Assuming ideal gas behaviour applies (verify this!), Where m is mass, kg V1 is the inlet volume, m3 V2 is the outlet volume, m3 R is the gas constant, Pa m3 kg-1 K-1 T is the temperature, K For an isothermal system (17) PV = constant Where Wc is the compression work, J Equation ? is divided by time t, to express the compression work, Substituting = m/t = à Ã‚  Where is the mass flowrate, kg s-1 t is time, s And equation ? in equation ?, the compression work of a vacuum pump at any pressure P, for an isothermal system can be derived to be (4): Where is the pumping speed of the liquid ring pump is the theoretical power consumed for an isothermal process, kW Pump efficiency The efficiency of the liquid ring pump is a vital factor in deciding the suitability of the pump for its purpose. Through experimental investigation, we varied cooling water flow rate and air mass flow rate to determine the condition where the liquid ring pump is the most efficient. From theory, we have assumed an isothermal operating condition which leads us to calculating the efficiency, of the pump as: Where Wiso,c is defined as the compression work done under isothermal conditions Wactual,c is defined as the enthalpy gain and Wactual,c = m Cp ΆT. Units? m is the sealant water mass flowrate, units? Cp is the specific heat capacity of the sealant water (4.912 KJ/Kg.K) ΆT is the measured difference in discharge and suction temperatures in which our case will be (T6 -T7) (18) Where have they come from? Figure 5: Title (19) 3.0 Mass and energy balance 3.1 Mass balance During compression in the liquid ring pump, mechanical work is converted to thermal energy and dissipated, potentially vaporising the sealant water used for compression. Assuming the inlet air is dry air with no water content, the mass balance across the LRP is: Mass balance on the gas component Assuming This can be rearranged to give Where is the humidity ratio obtained from the psychometric chart for the air-water system at standard atmospheric pressure (20). By determining the relative humidity, RH, the value of HR at any temperature can be determined from the psychometric chart. Where is the vapour pressure which can be determined by Eq. ? (Antoine), Pa is the saturation vapour pressure, Pa Mass balance on the liquid component 3.2 Energy balance Total energy balance of a unit mass of fluid is given by (14) Where are internal energy at the inlet and outlet respectively, J is the gravitational acceleration, m s-2 z1 and z2 are the elevation at inlet and outlet respectively, m and are the velocities at inlet and outlet respectively, m s-1 q Heat absorbed from the surroundings units? Ws work done by the fluid on the surroundings units? Assumptions made for the energy balance across the pump: since the system is operating horizontally with no elevation between inlet and outlet Kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible since it is insignificant compared to enthalpy change. Negligible heat loss from the system, . This assumes an adiabatic process. Substituting the relation And Where h is the specific enthalpy, kJ kg-1 The energy balance equation reduces to Which is Where and are the inlet and outlet mass flowrates respectively, kg s-1 and are inlet and outlet specific enthalpy respectively, kJ kg-1 Methodology Apparatus Figure 6: Process Flow Diagram of Experimental Set-up Liquid Ring Pump Sealant Water Tank Scrubber Thermocouples Mercury Manometers Rotameter Orifice Plate DeltaV system Experimental design Firstly, we identified two operating variables that could be varied to investigate the performance of the pump. The two variables are the inlet air flowrate and the storage tank cooling water flowrate. The inlet air flowrate could be manipulated by a flow control valve over a range of 8 to 70 turns. By calculating the pressure drop across an orifice plate and plotting a calibration curve, we were able to get the mass flowrate associated with the number of turns on the valve. The storage tank cooling water could be manipulated over a range of 0.5 to 12.5 m3h-1. The adjacent flowmeter gives a measurement of the cooling water flowrate into the heat exchanger around the sealant water storage tank. A full set of measurements were taken to obtain pressure, flowrate and temperature data as we changed the operating variables. Pressure data was obtained for the pressure drop across the orifice plate, and the suction, interstage and outlet pressures for the pump through mercury manometers. Flowrate data was taken from a rotameter that measured the volumetric flowrate of the sealant water. Temperature data was extracted by the DeltaV logging software in the control room. Experimental Procedure The following procedure was conducted over two experimental runs. Through repeating the procedure, we were able to test the reproducibility of our results and reduce the effect of random errors on our results. Set and maintain cooling water flowrate at 2m3hr-1. Starting with the maximum air flowrate at 70 turns we waited for steady state to be achieved before taking the manometer readings for suction, interstage, outlet, orifice plate and rotameter readings for the sealant water flowrate. The air flowrate was then decreased to 60 turns followed by 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 turns, all the while ensuring that steady state is reached before taking the readings. The full range of measurements from 70 to 10 turns for the inlet air flowrate was similarly taken at cooling water flowrates of 5, 8 and 11m3hr-1. Limitations In determining if the system is at steady state, the flowrate readings that can be monitored from the control room will provide good indication once the rate stabilises. However, the range of the flowmeter is limited beyond 119m3/hr (between 40 and 50 turns on V11.6). Therefore, the mercury manometer that reads the pressure drop across the orifice plate should be used to determine steady state after 40 turns on V11.6. A calibration curve will be plotted to relate the inlet air flowrate and the pressure drop across the orifice plate for mass flow calculations. Also, the flowmeter was faulty on our second run which meant that we would have to solely depend on our calibration curve to determine the inlet air mass flowrate at any number of turns. Analysis of results In the investigation of the performance of the two stage liquid ring pump, we ran the pump under different operating conditions by varying two variables; the air mass flowrates into the pump and cooling water flowrates. Pressures of the suction, interstage and outlet of the pump were measured and used to evaluate the pumps performance at different conditions, hence determining the efficiency of the pump. As the behaviour of inlet air mass flowrate, sealant water flowrate, suction pressure, compression work and pumping speed showed almost identical trends for different cooling water flowrates, an average of the four measurements were used. Sealant Liquid The sealant liquid used in the experiment is water and the compressed fluid is air. Before starting the run, the pump is filled with a specific level of water to ensure that there is sufficient sealant liquid to create vacuum. As the sealant fluid shares the same space in the pump as the fluid to be compressed, it would be expected that as the flowrate of the latter is increased, the flowrate of the sealant liquid decreases. Figure 7: Average Sealant Water Flowrate vs Inlet Air Mass Flowrate From figure 7, it can be seen that as the inlet air mass flowrate increases, the sealant water flowrate into the pump decreases. This is in line with the expected trend since the compressed air occupies a much greater volume in the pump at higher air mass flowrates. Suction Pressure Vacuum is created by the liquid ring pump due to the pressure difference between the source and the pump inlet. In the experiment, the source is air at atmospheric pressure and the inlet pressure is the suction pressure created by the pump. A low suction pressure would translate to a big pressure difference, creating vacuum. (21) Figure 8: The average inlet air mass flowrate for varying cooling water flowrates was plotted against suction pressure Figure 8: shows the trend we obtained where suction pressure increases as inlet air flowrate is increased. This shows that at lower air flowrates, more vacuum is created at a low suction pressure. As the air flowrate is increased, the ability to create vacuum decreases resulting in a higher vacuum pressure. Figure 9: The relationship between dry air capacity and suction pressure at a temperature of 20  °C obtained from literature. (22) As it is assumed that dry air is used and that its density remains constant throughout, the experimental results in Figure 8 can be compared to results obtained from literature in Figure 9. A similar trend is observed where there is the suction pressure is greater as the dry air capacity increases. Figure 10: Table categorising the degree of vacuum according to the absolute pressure of operation. (23) This experiment operates within a range of suction pressures which averages to approximately (1.41-6.00) x104 Pa abs. From figure 10, the range categorises the liquid ring pump as one that creates low vacuum. Low vacuum is sufficient in many industrial applications such as distillation in the petrochemical industry which keeps the liquid ring pump as a relevant piece of plant equipment. Compression Work (Sample calculations for a cooling water flowrate of 11 m3h-1 at 30 numbers of turns) shifted to appendix To calculate compression work under isothermal conditions, we can use Equation 3.7.11 Figure 12: shows that greater compression work is done by the pump with increasing suction pressure. From figure 12(above), it can be seen that greater compression work is done with increasing suction pressure. Based on the inlet air mass flowrate that we used, the suction pressure we created with the pump ranges from ~106 to 531 torr. The graph of the suction pressure against compression work shows a similar trend to literature values shown below in figure 11(below) for the same range. Figure 11: Effect of suction pressure compression work (4) Removed figure 13 Effect of Inlet Pressure on Pumping Speed Figure 15: Pumping Speed at different temperatures of sealant liquid (4) It can be seen from the graph Figure 15 that the change in pumping speed gradually becomes smaller. The inlet pressure (suction pressure) that we obtained from varying the inlet air mass flowrate falls within the range of around 106 to 531 torr. Therefore, we should obtain the same trend of pumping speed with increasing inlet pressure. Figure 16: Pumping speed changes with increasing suction pressure Replaced the graph with a newer one showing the right denotation for units on the y axis Figure 16 shows that the experimental results obtained agree with results obtained from literature. With increasing inlet pressure, the pumping speed increases while the gradient of the graph decreases. 5.5 Efficiency Figure 17: Plot of Isothermal Efficiency Vs Sealant Water Mass Flowrate Figure 17 shows that isothermal efficiency decreases with increasing sealent water flowrate. This result agrees with theory as we know from theory, the efficiency of the pump is affected by the vacuum capacity, and with an increase in sealent water flowrate, more vapour will be formed from the increased amount of sealent water forming the ring-liquid when the vacuum pressure approaches the vapour pressure of the sealent liquid. The increase in vapour volume released from the increase in sealent water will decrease the vacuum capacity and therefore reducing efficiency. Figure18: Plot of Efficiency Vs Cooling Water Flowrate Figure 18 shows that a higher cooling water flowrate will result in higher efficiency. The above trend is derived from the isothermal efficiency of the system at a fixed sealant water flowrate of 0.27 kg s-1. The cooling water flowrate is related to the enthalpy gain of the sealant water and consequently the isothermal efficiency. A higher flowrate would mean that the enthalpy gain is lower and that isothermal efficiency is higher which can be seen from equation 2.8.1. From the above results we can therefore conclude that the liquid ring pump is most efficient at the highest cooling water flowrate and a sealant water flowrate of 0.27 kg s-1 which translates to air flowrate at 60 turns flowing into the pump. Remove

Creative Story: Joseph :: essays research papers

Creative Story: Joseph I remember back in a church I used to live in this kid named Joseph. The year was, oh, I say 1935-36. He was such a delightful laid back kid when I first met him, He was always by himself playing jumping jacks and other games in which he could play by himself. He did not have to play by himself but he would for some reason always reject our offers that myself and the other kids there made to him. We would ask him if he would want to play tag or hide-and-go-seek but it was as he was mute, ignoring us for no reason. Like a year later I learned that his parents had abandoned him at the step, of the church in which we all stayed, when he was only five years of age. Joey never talked about his parents, it was like he was still mad at them. He never understood that his parents were poor and could not carry the burden of taking care of him. His parents thought they were doing the right thing by dropping him off at this church which was SUPPOSED to take care of him so that he could grow up with a normal life. In 1936 it was hard growing up in Germany. In the town we lived in there was never peace, the nuns would not tell us that, but we knew we all knew, accept for little Joseph. Nazi's would come in the church and try to teach us their "superior" ways. None of us fell for it, except Joseph. I guess he had no other place to turn to, so he slowly sank into these idiotic ways. About three years later the now 12 years old little boy was a nazi himself and the one of his kind in that church. He still would play by himself. No one liked him anymore and never asked him to play. Instead he would ask us, but now we would refuse. One day in 1939 he got so sick of us "inferior" people in the church so he left. What he did not know and what most of us did not know was that there was a battle just a town away. The nuns never told us about World War II. They always said in the sweetest voice "The world is such a peaceful place." Well, Joseph unknowingly went to this town in search for a new place to live. But stepping into this town was like slitting your wrist.

The Peregrine Falcon :: essays research papers

The Peregrine Falcon The peregrine falcon belongs to a group of birds called the Falconiformes. This group includes vultures, kites, hawks, eagles, and falcons. Other than vultures, all of these birds hunt and kill other animals for food. Falconiformes are equipped with hooked beaks and strong talons, making them excellent predators. All Falconiformes are daytime hunters. The peregrine falcon is the best-known of the fifty-eight birds in the falcon family. The word Peregrine comes from a word that means, "one who wanders." This falcon has definitely earned its name. For example, some of Canada's tundra peregrines fly to Brazil each winter. Peregrine falcons are found in every single part of the world except Antarctica. They were once trained by kings to hunt and bring back kills. This sport, called Falconry, is still popular. However, in the 1960s the American falcon came close to extinction. Most of the damage was done by poisons that farmers used to kill insects. The worst poison was DDT. By the time naturalists learned of DDT's effect on wildlife, it was almost too late. The American peregrine's scientific name is Falco peregrinus anatum. At one time, people called this falcon a duck hawk. That was a poor name, since falcons aren't hawks and they rarely kill ducks. The American peregrine was once found all across the eastern United States and southern Canada. In the west, the species was found from Mexico to California. DDT poisoning hit this subspecies the hardest. Even today, naturalists are still working hard to save the American peregrine from extinction. The smaller tundra peregrine (Falco peregrinus tundrius) lives farther north. Tundra peregrines range across the treeless regions of Alaska and Canada. They are also found in Greenland. Peale's peregrine (Falco peregrinus pealei) is the third North American subspecies. This western bird ranges from Oregon northward to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Peale's peregrine is the largest of the three subspecies. The tundra and Peale's peregrines have escaped the worst effects of DDT poisoning. Most peregrines are slate blue on the back and wings. The top of its head is black. Black feathers around the eyes reduce glare and improve the bird's vision. The white underside of a Peregrine's wings, tail, and chest show more bands of dark feathers. A peregrine falcon is a medium-sized bird about the size of a crow. Female peregrines are larger and heavier than the males. An average female (called a falcon) weighs a little over two pounds. The female is eighteen inches in length from beak to square tail. Her long,

Male Infertility A Summary Health And Social Care Essay

Approximately 15 of twosomes dont win in bring forthing a gestation despite regular attempts, over the class of a twelvemonth, of unprotected sexual activity.1 A male physiological status issue is known in some 50 per centum of those instances and is entirely accountable in 20 per centum of all couples.2 Male sterility physiological conditions are attributed to a figure of causes together with minor factors including sex gland toxin secernment disfunction, bodily upsets, varicoceles, male generative secretory organ failure, ejaculatory upsets, and physiological conditions.3 It is critical to descry the cause ( s ) and supply intervention ( s ) if the implicit in issue is correctable. If a selected intervention is non available ; the beginning of the male issue physiological status is n't correctable, alternate picks like assisted reproduction techniques ( ART ) could exist.4 The pharmaceutical chemist plays a important function in separating medicines that contribute to male physiolo gical status, reding the twosome on curative medicines or compounds efficacious to handle physiological status, and advancing healthy life styles that minimize physiological status factors. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth a wide sum-up of the etiology, appraisal, and intervention of male physiological status.Definitions and EpidemiologyThe definition of sterility is considered by and large as the inability to recognize construct despite one twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse.5 Within the USA, approximately eight million twosomes are distressed by this physiological status. For healthy immature twosomes, the likeliness of accomplishing gestation at intervals of one twelvemonth of fertility-focused activity is 84 per centum. Despite progresss within the designation and intervention of this physiological status, the successful gestation per centum remains constant.6 The latest rush in petitions for physiological status defect services has been attributed to a bi gger consciousness of intervention picks ; an improved rate of openness and credence of the physiological status, and a tendency toward delayed sexual activity and older aged parents both of which are ensuing in extra birthrate jobs.Male Regenerative PhysiologyThe testiss are comprised of Leydig, Sertoli, and specific root cells, that are apt for the syntheses of androgenic endocrines. The Sertoli cells line the seminal tubules within the testicles along side function of the Sertoli cells is to bring forth sex cell support, novice and sustain gametogenesis, and supply ordinance for the assembly of androgenic endocrine necessary for gametogenesis.7,8 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis is the primary generative system that regulates endocrinal and sexual perform. The nervous construction is that in the integrative centre for the productive secernment axis, where it secretes gonadotropin-releasing secernment ( GnRH ) , that releases LH ( LH ) and gonadotrophin ( FSH ) from the ductless secretory organ. When the pituitary, ICSH interacts with receptors on the Leydig ‘s cell membrane within the testicles to synthesise and release androgenic follicle- exciting endocrine binds to the Sertoli cellular tissue receptors to get down and continue gametogenesis. Synthesis and gonadotrophins are regulated by system signals from the cardinal systema nervosum.7,8 Human reproduction needs fertilisation consisting the debut of sperm-containing fluids introduced through the female ‘s vagina. Throughout this event, erectile organ hard-on and interjection are parasympathetic activities and the systema nervosum controls erectile public presentation and semen. The sperm tubules, are a tubular web wound inside the testicles and carry organic structure unstable incorporating mature sperm cell to the urethra via the ejaculatory canals and into the vagina. Periurethral musculus contractions expel the organic structure fluid out of the channel and into the productive tract.7,8EtiologyAzoospermia is outlined because the absence of sperm cell within status within the azoospermic male is sub classified as pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Pre-testicular: common etiology than alternate causes of male physiological status, hypogonadotropic incompetency ( HH ) is caused by meager follicle-stimulating endocrine and ICSH secretions.2 These inadequacies end in deficient steroid secernment and gametogenesis. HH will originate non-inheritable GnRH lack, Fe overload, familial upsets, pituitary and nervous construction tumours, secernment to boot, general upsets like chronic illnesss, biological procedure lacks, and fleshiness are known as causes of HH.9 Lack: male generative secretory organ lack, typically stated as non-obstructive azoospermia, is apart from obstructor or HPG disfunction. This category of disfunction are frequently extra divided into male generative secretory organ failure. Non-inheritable failure will attest as abnormalcy, male generative secretory organ asepsis, abnormalcies. Non-heritable male generative secretory organ failure are frequently the consequences of injury, male generative secretory organ tortuosity, factors ( e.g. , medicines, general diseases, varicoceles ) , or surgeries that injury the bodily construction of the testes.3 Sing analysis of the overall male population about 40 per centum of work forces showing with male physiological status have varicoceles.10 Post-testicular Lack: typically stated as auto-preventative azoospermia, post-testicular lack is as a consequence of either ejaculatory obstructor of gamete bringing. This type of male physiological status is a is much less common than non-obstructive azoospermia, happens in about 40 per centum of work forces showing with azoospermia.2 The obstructor will go up from either the vessel deferens, epididymis or blurt out canals and may be familial or acquired.3 Idiopathic Sterility: In 30 to forty per centum of all work forces in the US, the underlying male sterility physiological conditions at issue are frequently unknown.3 These work forces normally have n't any old history of inauspicious result of physical scrutiny or traditional endocrinal research lab analysis. Ejaculate analysis reveals a attenuated assortment of sperm cell, motility, and tonss of unnatural sorts of gamete. These findings normally occur along and are termed oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia syndrome. disquieted male physiological status are frequently attributed to endocrine break as a consequence of environmental pollution, free O groups, or familial abnormalities.3 Medicines and Everyday Factors: Numerous substances are concerned as set uping the cause and impact of medical specialties is troublesome as a consequence of extra unknown factors and minimum sample sizes. Medicine could hold an consequence on male physiological status via uninterrupted sex gland onset toxicity effects, fluctuation of the HPG alliance, loss of interjection, public presentation or both, and alterations in sensed or existent sex drive.11 Recreational and illicit medicine, individually of together with intoxicant, baccy, marihuana, cocaine, and pep pills are on a regular basis cited as causes of both powerlessness and sterility. There are a assortment of medical specialties known as causes of this male physiological status together with psychotherapeutics pharmacologicals such as anti-hypertensives, endocrines, psychotropics, antidepressants, and antibiotics.11,12 Androgenic endocrine replacing is a good knowna common medical etiology of male generative wellness and has a known inauspicious impact on gametogenesis. Man-made vaginal oils or other sexual lubricators are known to suppress gamete motility and lead to either impermanent or lasting sterility. Natural-based lubricators, oil, and vegetable oil deficiency these effects on gamete and should be advocated as alternatives.13 A pharmaceutical chemist will advise the medicine sum-up of patients showing with male sterility male sterility physiological conditions to descry possible drug medical attention causes and graduated table back the necessity for them for farther or extra analysis.EvaluationThe American Urological Association ( AUA ) recommends both spouses of an ab initio sterile twosome receive showing if gestation has non occurred at intervals one twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse. Earlier analysis is lower cost if a known physiological status issue exists or a male has intuitions about his birthrate probabilities.2 A old history of birthrate does non t exclude the likelines s of secondary physiological status. Work force with secondary physiological status are assessed in the same mode as work forces whom have n't initiated gestation. The feminine spouse ought to to boot bear analysis throughout as adult female ‘s generative anatomy is both more complex and capable to greater monthly cyclic fluctuations so males. The basic parts for the analysis of male physiological status embody an in deepness reappraisal of patient history, physical scrutiny, a lower limit of two seeds analyses, and secernment ratings his HPG axis. The patient ‘s past record of issues ( or environmental exposure as a beginning vector ) could find hazard factors and/or behavior forms that have an consequence on birthrate potency. Throughout the physical probe, elaborate attending is given to male secondary gender features. The prostate, scrotal constructions, and testicular constellations are appraised for markers of current or past infections, obstructors, or expansion. The usage of transrectal or external ultrasound, post-ejaculatory chemical analysis, and familial testing, that are obtained on as indicated. Semen analysis is ever warranted as the basic research lab appraisal for the analysis of faulty male physiological conditions.14 It ( laboratory analyses ) are by and large unequivocal sing seeds quality and volume, gamete concentration, motility, and morphology – with low borders of mistake. These consequences are besides compared with mention scopes and used to determine work forces with unnatural seeds parametric quantities whom could have the benefits of ART like in-vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) or intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) . Both of these options may include intracytoplasmic gamete injection ( ICSI ) . Work force with tunremarkable seeds analyses rarely are the beginning of infertility.1TreatmentSome sterile work forces can accomplish medically or surgically successful construct that is come-at-able with early intercession techniques. Treatment relies on the underlying etiology ab initio, so there needs a well-identified beginning ( s ) of the basic sterility issue for right intervention. If a treatable or correctable physiological status issue is known, it ought to be corrected with these acceptable medical or surgical therapies. Work force with incorrigible, untreatable, or unknown etiologies could hold success in ART. ART processs have been employed in the U.S. since the early 1980 ‘s and have radically enhanced birthrate rates. IVF / ICSI is an enhanced signifier of ART desinged to get the better of the most terrible sterile physiological status or azoospermia by shooting one gamete into the living substance of a mature egg. IVF-ICSI could be a intervention possibility for males with azoospermia, giving birth rates matching to those achieved with IVF while non those that are combined with ICSI.15 Azoospermic male generative secretory organ gamete extraction is used to surgically recover gamete which will be useable for IVF-ICSI ; the twosome should be carefully advised on the success rates of gamete harvest home, but it is likewise successful as IVF-ICSI. The hazards related to IVF-ICSI embody sex secretory organ hyper-stimulation syndrome, enlacing or more, perinatal complications, and familial disorders.16 Some twosomes opportunity ART ( an exceptionally expensive process ) while sing pre-analysis by an infertilitycondition specializer ; this is frequently unsafe because some six per centum of work forces evaluated have a important implicit in medical condition.5,17 Pretesticular Lack: Hyperprolactinemia is a serious upset refering the HPA ( hypothalamic-pituitary axis ) and is often mentioned as a sensible cause for HH. Fertility is besides improved by normalising lactogenic endocrine concentrations. Many medicines including Dopastat adversaries, SSRI ‘s ( selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ) , tricyclic anti-depressants, and elevated estrogen interventions may do hyper-prolactinemia and should be ended if possible in this circumstance.18 Dopamine agonists such as cabergoline or bromocriptine are the optimum interventions selected for most patients with hyperprolactinemia.18 Gonadotropins can be used in the intervention of HH with root causes of hypothalamic or pituitary syndromes non connected with hyper-prolactinemia. Human chorionic gonadotrophin ( human chorionic gonadotropin ) has organic actions similar to LH but has a increased half life. Chiefly initiated by itself at 1,500 to 2,000 IU – three times a hebdomad via intramuscular or hypodermic in the thigh or natess for 18 to 24 hebdomads. Then it is titrated at two-week meantimes to derive serum T factor concentrations between 310 and 520 ng/dL. Seminal fluid semen is appraised for spermatogenesis every two to four hebdomads. If sperm concentrations remain deficient after six to twelve months of therapy, the therapy should be supplemented with a FSH readying. Men sing human chorionic gonadotropin must be advised on the possible side effects such as gynecomastia ( hypertrophied chests ) , migraine concerns, and mastalgia ( breast hurting ) .19 FSH is compounded as or recombinant human FSH ( r-hFSH ) or human menopausal gonadotrophin ( hMG ) . Formulations of hMG contain refined, concentrated extracted parts of LH and FSH, while r-hFSH is comprised of merely FSH. hMG is the best pick overall because of comparable efficaciousness and markedly reduced monetary values when matched with r-hFSH. The first dose of hMG is 80 IU delivered at two twenty-four hours intervals and titrated to 160 IU. Though hMG is normally good accepted, concern, mastalgia, and injection site responses are normally described.20 GnRH therapy is an off-label usage for the intervention of HH caused by hypothalamic complaints. When nominal testosterone degrees are realized, the dosage is stabilized ; and testicular capacity and seminal fluid analyses are made every month. Problems such as haematoma, phlebitis and infection occur in about seven per centum of patients.21 Males utilizing GnRH therapy must be instructed by their physician to reexamine the needle interpolation site day-to-day and unwrap to the primary physician any tenderness, swelling or unstable leaking. Testicular Lack: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is a consequence of dysfunctional testesIt is defined by elevated gonadotrophins, lowered testosterone, oligospermia, or azoospermia. It is normally referred to as primary testicular failure. males with this status rarely win in paternity via intercourse due to seminiferous tubule impairment.22 Gonadotropin therapy ineffective under this circumstance, so IVF-ICSI is typically required for a positive result of fertilisation. The intervention of varicoceles remains extremely controversial. There is no consensus about the value of intercessions. One gold criterion clinical test suggested that a varicocelectomy in work forces with touchable varicoceles improved seeds factors and increased the opportunities of a self-generated gestation within one twelvemonth compared with surveillance.23 The AUA recommends varicoceles fix be made available as a possible redress to any twosome seeking to accomplish gestation if: the varicoceles is touchable, the twosome has a documented history of unproductiveness ; the female is fecund ; and the adult male has at least one untypical seminal fluid or sperm factors. IVF whether used with ICSI or non, can be considered when there is the basic ground to see handling a female sterility cause, notwithstanding the manifestation of varicoceles and suboptimal seeds values.10 Post-testicular Lack: Treatment picks for sterility due to clogging azoospermia take history of both IVF-ICSI and microsurgical techniques such as vasectomy reversals.24 Ejaculatory disfunction, specifically the inability to chuck out any seminal fluid, is treatable with alpha-adrenergic agonists that aid ejaculation.25 This attack can transform males with unsuccessful emanation to backward interjection and so seminal fluid is retrieved for reproduction intents. Idiopathic Sterility: The medical community is divided on the proper direction of idiopathic sterility. Any figure of medical therapies remain endeavores to better gestation rates irrespective of cogent evidence of efficaciousness. An AUA scrutiny of birthrate specializers cite clomiphene citrate ; human chorionic gonadotropin ; and anastrazole as typically prescribed medicines for idiopathic male infertility.26 Drumhead Infertility affects the U.S. , with several necessitating medical intercession to recognize gestation. It ‘s indispensable that each spouse be wholly evaluated for beginnings of the issue ( s ) in order to measure and enhance interventions ; and to minimise morbidity due to come-at-able implicit in medical conditions. The pharmaceutical chemists function in wellness attention, along with the primary sterility specializer, affords the opportunity to descry medicines with potentially inauspicious effects on birthrate ; suggest different medicine, and advocate patients on the right usage of medical specialties. Recent progresss in the etiology of sterility and the function of combinative therapies in ART have improved results for sterile twosomes. However extra analysis is required to determine the full scope of unknown causes of male physiological status and to develop simpler, more effectual and less dearly-won interventions.