Cross Cultural Interactions with Others

Social workers, psychologists and educators alike, have a responsibility to develop cultural competencies. This implies a commitment to creating an environment of mutual understanding. â€Å"Cultural competence refers to the process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, languages, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, religions, and other diversity factors in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each† (NASW, 2000b, p. 61). Therapists focus on interactions with diverse clients and new situations everyday. Developing cultural competencies is essential towards meaningful communication. Research on person perception has suggested that the information we glean from others can be affected by factors such as appearance, stereotypes, and culture (Wang, 2009). The competency statements for review focus upon communication style (verbal and nonverbal) and how communication can influence others perceptions. In addition, a competency statement regarding high-and low-context communication from different cultural socializations is discussed. Most models of counseling assume that the spoken word is understood. However, when working with cross cultural clients, a host of deficits linger, which may lead to distance, vulnerability and misinterpretations. Verbal communication is important but can be easily misinterpreted across cultures. Words are powerful, but often forgotten. How one perceives the words is most often remembered. Words and what they mean in a cross cultural setting have a major role in a therapeutic setting. To fully understand a culture, it is necessary to understand the se of the cultures metaphors. Metaphors have their own historical origins and are culture specific (Laungani, 2004). The understanding of intrapersonal process of communication is essential and fundamentally important when working with ethnic clients. The therapist needs a clear understanding of the client’s subjective experiences, personal goals, daily behaviors and other significant areas to ensure communication value (Laungani, 2004). When verbal messages are unclear, we tend to look at nonverbal cues (LeBaron, 2003). During a therapeutic encounter between therapist and clients of different cultural backgrounds, it is imperative for all concerned to be vigilant and sensitive enough to read correctly the different verbal, non-verbal, and other physical cues the client knowingly or unknowingly may display to the therapist (Laungani, 2004, p. 196). Nonverbal communication is especially important in intercultural counseling situations because of language barriers (metaphors), set mannerisms, and cultural unfamiliarity. Research has agreed that nonverbal messages convey more than half of the affective meaning of each message (Launganie, 2004, Edmonds, 2010, Wang, 2010). Many emotions are similar across cultures, how they are expressed and interpreted is culture-specific. For example, a person of Japanese decent may smile as she relates details of a death in her family. For a Westerner, who understands a smile to mean happiness, this expression may seem cold and unfeeling. Based upon cultural beliefs in Japan, it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others (LeBaron, 2003). The understanding of high-and low-context communications from different cultures is significant because it plays an integral part in understanding and developing a relationship. â€Å"Direct and indirect styles of communication correspond to the concept of high-and low-context cultures. The United States is considered a low-context culture because of the linear and direct style of communication. On the other hand, China, Mexico, and Egypt are termed â€Å"high-context cultures† because communication is more contextual, process-oriented, and less rushed† (Fouad, 2007, p. 3). In examining the cognitive style of communication, Brooks (2004) noted that Americans follow a predictable sequence in their thought process. They tend to organize their thoughts in a linear fashion before speaking. Speakers, who have a more relaxed view on time, tend to meander to the point, such as Asians. Arab, Russians, and Africans, tend to insert stories and go off on tangents (p. 143). Cultures tend to attribute different levels of importance to nonverbal and verbal communication. High context cultures rely more on the unspoken word. They are concerned and focused upon the context and the person’s knowledge of the rules for communicating. For other cultures, a clear understanding of the message is less important because nonverbal behavior and the context are understood. Middle East, Asia, and Latin America are examples of high context cultural groups. United States and Canada are considered a low context culture because they place less importance on nonverbal communication and rely heavily on the spoken word (Fouad, 2007). According to (LeBaron, 2003) high context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding of the nonverbal message is more important than the communication as a whole. Therapists need to be aware of these differences so they can model appropriate behaviors for others (Fouad, 2007). â€Å"Gudykunst (2001) conceptualized high context communication to include the following communication styles: being indirect, inferring meaning, interpersonal sensitivity, using feelings to guide behavior, and the using silence. In contrast, low context communication includes: being dramatic, dominant, animated, relaxed, attentive, open friendly, contentious, and impression-leaving† (Park& Kim, 2008, p. 47). An emerging body of research has documented that â€Å"Asian cultures tend to adhere to high context communication styles, while European cultures tend to adhere to low context communication styles† (p. 47). Communication styles can be rational or emotional. For example, Brooks (2004) stated that Americans are considered to be more rational. On the other hand, Southeast Asians prefer to keep their emotions stable. Russians are known to be highly emotional (p. 144). In chapter 3, Fouad (2007) addresses the cross-cultural interactions with others. According to Fouad (2007) â€Å"sensitivity and understanding about different cultural scripts for verbal and nonverbal behaviors are essential because of the different formal and informal norms across cultures† (p. 43). This is an important message because you cannot have rapport and empathy without understanding, sensitivity, and knowledge of multicultural behaviors and values. Effectiveness with a client from another culture is dependent upon making educated choices involving communication. LeBaron (2003) noted that â€Å"all communication is cultural; it draws on how we have learned to speak and give nonverbal messages† (p. 1). The way we communicate to others depends upon the situation, individual personalities, and our mood. This coupled with a variety of cultural influences we already have can influence our communication choices. Communication is interactive and plays an important influence on the effectiveness of our relationship with others (LeBaron, 2003). Although some emotions are universal (a smiley face inserted in emails), others are subtle and often misunderstood (a wink). Facial expressions may be the only form of nonverbal communication that may be considered universal. Cultures interpret body language, gestures, posture and carriage, vocal noises (shrieks and grunts), and degree of eye contact differently (Edmonds, 2010). Gestures can be easily misinterpreted. For example, nodding your head up and down within the Western culture, suggests you agree. However, in the Middle Eastern culture, it means the opposite. Nodding your head affirmatively in the Middle East is a sign of disagreement. Moreover, in Japan, a nod is just a signal that someone is listening (Wang, 2010). Edmonds (2010) shares that the â€Å"OK† signal made by forming a circle with the thumb and forefinger refers to money in some countries, while in others, it’s extremely offensive reference to a private body part. Eye contact is another variable that is extremely important. In some cultures direct eye contact is valued. However, in other cultures, averting eye contact is a sign of respect. A simple gesture of thumbs up, may readily offend someone from a different culture. In Iran, this gesture is considered to be vulgar. Shaking hands when greeting may seem innocent, but in some countries this is rude behavior. In the Middle East, you should not hand an object to another person with your left hand. The left hand in the Middle East is reserved for personal hygiene (Edmonds, 2010). Others may be shy and touching is considered an intimate behavior. There are specific rules for personal space across cultures. There are different ideas about space when having a conversation. Research shows that Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space. Europeans tend to stand closer together when talking. It is suggested that this may be due to the fact that Europeans are accustomed to smaller places. Americans on the other hand, are used to larger homes and countryside’s (LeBaron, 2003). Personal space is not a concern for some cultures. Italians and Latino’s allow for open kissing with strong and long embraces to greet one another, whereas in the United States, such contact may be considered too sexual. Further studies have shown that Asian children cannot be touched on the head or it will damage the child’s soul. Each of these variables influences communication efforts (Edmonds (2010). As clinicians, we must strive to learn all we can about the culture of our clients. Remer (2007) introduces the butterfly effect. This effect refers to â€Å"those small differences in initial conditions may have severe consequences for patterns in the long run† (p. 93). Miscommunications can lead to frustration and a lack of trust, thus destroying a relationship. Conflict can easily occur or escalate if miscommunications are already in place. As an agent of change, this writer values diversity as an opportunity to learn. Professional expectations should never be lowered, they need to be developed and maintained in order to improve the quality of culturally competent services. Sensitivity and knowledge should be heightened in order to be a successful agent of change. Striving to be cross-culturally competent is a life long journey. It begins with each day being viewed as an opportunity to learn more about another person. Competence implies that one has the confidence and the capacity to function effectively outside of their culture zone. Despite the madness surrounding social service agencies, this writer is committed to supporting members of underrepresented groups. It is paramount to be committed to incorporating a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal communication skills in response to direct and indirect communication styles. A simple glance can affect the message you are sending and how others perceive you. Moreover, it is important to have a strong sense of self awareness. One must be accepting, comfortable and open to new and unfamiliar ways of communicating in order to broaden personal perspectives. The main focus is to remain objective, know that there are cultural differences, be able to identify subtle behaviors, and to trust your intuition. Alternative ways in which a therapist can be actively involved in cross cultural communication may include checking with clients for the accuracy of your interpretation when unsure. Raising a question about interpretations demonstrates interest, validation and establishes trust. Therapists may choose to move outside of verbal exchanges and use acting, puppets (young children), drawing, music, story telling, collage making and journaling. By allowing clients to be your teacher, one can enhance the relationship and establish competence. As an agent of change, specific objectives are to be met. First, diversity training should be offered. Coworkers will be asked to band together and search for consultants or facilitators to assist in the planning. Second, embrace research and gain as much knowledge as you can about your client’s culture. Third, frequent consultations with supervisors and colleagues are important to obtain performance feedback. Collaboration with others is an excellent way to remain grounded. As a therapist working with cross cultural clients, it is important to remember that although your mouth is closed, your body is talking.

The Host Chapter 35: Tried

I groaned. My head felt all swirly and disconnected. My stomach rolled nauseatingly. â€Å"Finally,† someone murmured in relief. Ian. Of course. â€Å"Hungry?† I thought about that and then made an involuntary gagging sound. â€Å"Oh. Never mind. Sorry. Again. We had to do it. People got all†¦ paranoid when we took you outside.† â€Å"‘S okay,† I sighed. â€Å"Want some water?† â€Å"No.† I opened my eyes, trying to focus in the darkness. I could see two stars through the cracks overhead. Still night. Or night again, who knew? â€Å"Where am I?† I asked. The shapes of the cracks were unfamiliar. I would swear I'd never stared at this ceiling before. â€Å"Your room,† Ian said. I searched for his face in the darkness but could only make out the black shape that was his head. With my fingers, I examined the surface I lay on; it was a real mattress. There was a pillow under my head. My searching hand touched his, and he caught my fingers before I could withdraw them. â€Å"Whose room is it really?† â€Å"Yours.† â€Å"Ian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It used to be ours-Kyle's and mine. Kyle's being†¦ held in the hospital wing until things can be decided. I can move in with Wes.† â€Å"I'm not taking your room. And what do you mean, until things can be decided?† â€Å"I told you there would be a tribunal.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"Why do you want to know?† â€Å"Because if you're going through with that, then I have to be there. To explain.† â€Å"To lie.† â€Å"When?† I asked again. â€Å"First light. I won't take you.† â€Å"Then I'll take myself. I know I'll be able to walk as soon as my head stops spinning.† â€Å"You would, wouldn't you?† â€Å"Yes. It's not fair if you don't let me speak.† Ian sighed. He dropped my hand and straightened slowly to his feet. I could hear his joints pop as he stood. How long had he been sitting in the dark, waiting for me to wake? â€Å"I'll be back soon. You might not be hungry, but I'm starving.† â€Å"You had a long night.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"If it gets light, I won't sit here waiting for you.† He chuckled without humor. â€Å"I'm sure that's true. So I'll be back before that, and I will help you get where you're going.† He leaned one of the doors away from the entrance to his cave, stepped around it, and then let it fall back into place. I frowned. That might be hard to do on one leg. I hoped Ian truly was coming back. While I waited for him, I stared up at the two stars I could see and let my head slowly become stationary. I really didn't like human drugs. Ugh. My body hurt, but the lurching in my head was worse. Time passed slowly, but I didn't fall asleep. I'd been sleeping most of the last twenty-four hours. I probably was hungry, too. I would have to wait for my stomach to calm before I was sure. Ian came back before the light, just as he'd promised. â€Å"Feeling any better?† he asked as he stepped around the door. â€Å"I think so. I haven't moved my head yet.† â€Å"Do you think it's you reacting to the morphine, or Melanie's body?† â€Å"It's Mel. She reacts badly to most painkillers. She found that out when she broke her wrist ten years ago.† He thought about that for a moment. â€Å"It's†¦ odd. Dealing with two people at once.† â€Å"Odd,† I agreed. â€Å"Are you hungry yet?† I smiled. â€Å"I thought I smelled bread. Yes, I think my stomach is past the worst.† â€Å"I was hoping you'd say that.† His shadow sprawled out beside me. He felt for my hand, then pulled my fingers open and placed a familiar round shape in it. â€Å"Help me up?† I asked. He put his arm carefully around my shoulders and folded me up in one stiff piece, minimizing the ache in my side. I could feel something foreign on the skin there, tight and rigid. â€Å"Thanks,† I said, a little breathless. My head spun slowly. I touched my side with my free hand. Something adhered to my skin, under my shirt. â€Å"Are my ribs broken, then?† â€Å"Doc's not sure. He's doing as much as he can.† â€Å"He tries so hard.† â€Å"He does.† â€Å"I feel bad†¦ that I used to not like him,† I admitted. Ian laughed. â€Å"Of course you didn't. I'm amazed you can like any of us.† â€Å"You've got that turned around,† I mumbled, and dug my teeth into the hard roll. I chewed mechanically and then swallowed, setting the bread down as I waited to see how it hit my stomach. â€Å"Not very appetizing, I know,† Ian said. I shrugged. â€Å"Just testing-to see if the nausea's really passed.† â€Å"Maybe something more appealing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I looked at him, curious, but I couldn't see his face. I listened to a sharp crackle and a ripping sound†¦ and then I could smell, and I understood. â€Å"Cheetos!† I cried. â€Å"Really? For me?† Something touched my lip, and I crunched into the delicacy he offered. â€Å"I've been dreaming about this.† I sighed as I chewed. That made him laugh. He put the bag in my hands. I downed the contents of the small bag quickly, and then finished my roll, seasoned by the cheese flavor still in my mouth. He handed me a bottle of water before I could ask. â€Å"Thank you. For more than the Cheetos, you know. For so much.† â€Å"You're more than welcome, Wanda.† I stared into his dark blue eyes, trying to decipher everything he was saying with that sentence-there seemed to be something more than just courtesy in the words. And then I realized that I could see the color of Ian's eyes; I glanced quickly up at the cracks above. The stars were gone, and the sky was turning pale gray. Dawn was coming. First light. â€Å"Are you sure you have to do this?† Ian asked, his hands already half-extended as if to pick me up. I nodded. â€Å"You don't have to carry me. My leg feels better.† â€Å"We'll see.† He helped me to my feet, leaving his arm around my waist and pulling my arm around his neck. â€Å"Careful, now. How's that?† I hobbled forward a step. It hurt, but I could do it. â€Å"Great. Let's go.† I think Ian likes you too much. Too much? I was surprised to hear from Melanie, and so distinctly. Lately, she only spoke up like this when Jared was around. I'm here, too. Does he even care about that? Of course he does. He believes us more than anyone besides Jamie and Jeb. I don't mean that. What do you mean? But she was gone. It took us a long time. I was surprised by how far we had to go. I'd been thinking we were going to the big plaza or the kitchen-the usual places for congregating. But we went through the eastern field and kept going until we finally reached the big, deep black cave that Jeb had called the game room. I hadn't been here since my first tour. The biting scent of the sulfurous spring greeted me. Unlike most of the caverns here, the game room was much wider than it was tall. I could see that now because the dim blue lights hung from the ceiling rather than resting on the floor. The ceiling was only a few feet over my head, the height of a normal ceiling in a house. But I couldn't even see the walls, they were so distant from the lights. I couldn't see the smelly spring, tucked away in some far corner, but I could hear it dribble and gush. Kyle sat in the brightest spot of light. He had his long arms wrapped around his legs. His face was set in a stiff mask. He didn't look up when Ian helped me limp in. On either side of him were Jared and Doc, on their feet, both with their arms hanging loose and ready at their sides. As though they were†¦ guards. Jeb stood beside Jared, his gun slung over one shoulder. He appeared relaxed, but I knew how quickly that could change. Jamie held his free hand†¦ no, Jeb had his hand around Jamie's wrist, and Jamie didn't seem happy about it. When he saw me come in, though, he smiled and waved. He took a deep breath and looked pointedly at Jeb. Jeb dropped Jamie's wrist. Sharon stood beside Doc, with Aunt Maggie at her other side. Ian pulled me toward the edge of the darkness surrounding the tableau. We weren't alone there. I could see the shapes of many others, but not their faces. It was strange; through the caves, Ian had supported most of my weight with ease. Now, though, he seemed to have tired. His arm around my waist was slack. I lurched and hopped forward as best I could until he picked the spot he wanted. He settled me to the floor, and then sat beside me. â€Å"Ouch,† I heard someone whisper. I turned and could just make out Trudy. She scooted closer to us, Geoffrey and then Heath copying her. â€Å"You look rotten,† she told me. â€Å"How bad are you hurt?† I shrugged. â€Å"I'm fine.† I started to wonder if Ian had let me struggle just to make a show of my injuries-to make me testify against Kyle without words. I frowned at his innocent expression. Wes and Lily arrived then and came to sit with my little group of allies. Brandt entered a few seconds later, and then Heidi, and then Andy and Paige. Aaron was last. â€Å"That's everybody,† he said. â€Å"Lucina's staying with her kids. She doesn't want them here-she said to go on without her.† Aaron sat beside Andy, and there was a short moment of silence. â€Å"Okay, then,† Jeb said in a loud voice meant to be heard by all. â€Å"Here's how it's gonna work. Straight-up majority vote. As usual, I'll make my own decision if I have a problem with the majority, 'cause this -â€Å" â€Å"Is my house,† several voices interjected in chorus. Someone chuckled but stopped quickly. This wasn't funny. A human was on trial for trying to kill an alien. This had to be a horrible day for all of them. â€Å"Who's speaking against Kyle?† Jeb asked. Ian started to stand beside me. â€Å"No!† I whispered, tugging on his elbow. He shrugged me off and rose to his feet. â€Å"This is simple enough,† Ian said. I wanted to jump up and clap my hand over his mouth, but I didn't think I could get to my feet without help. â€Å"My brother was warned. He was not in any doubt about Jeb's ruling on this. Wanda is one of our community-the same rules and protections apply to her as to any of us. Jeb told Kyle point-blank that if he couldn't live with her here, he should move on. Kyle decided to stay. He knew then and he knows now the penalty for murder in this place.† â€Å"It's still alive,† Kyle grunted. â€Å"Which is why I'm not asking for your death,† Ian snapped back. â€Å"But you can't live here anymore. Not if you're a murderer at heart.† Ian stared at his brother for a moment, then sat on the ground beside me again. â€Å"But he could get caught, and we'd have no idea,† Brandt protested, rising to his feet. â€Å"He'll lead them back here, and we'd have no warning.† There was a murmur through the room. Kyle glared at Brandt. â€Å"They'll never get me alive.† â€Å"Then it's a death sentence after all,† someone muttered at the same time that Andy said, â€Å"You can't guarantee that.† â€Å"One at a time,† Jeb warned. â€Å"I've survived on the outside before,† Kyle said angrily. Another voice came from the darkness. â€Å"It's a risk.† I couldn't make out the owners of the voices-they were just hissing whispers. And another. â€Å"What did Kyle do wrong? Nothing.† Jeb took a step toward the voice, glowering. â€Å"My rules.† â€Å"She's not one of us,† someone else protested. Ian started to rise again. â€Å"Hey!† Jared exploded. His voice was so loud that everyone jumped. â€Å"Wanda's not on trial here! Does someone have a concrete complaint against her-against Wanda herself? Then ask for another tribunal. But we all know she hasn't harmed anyone here. In fact, she saved his life.† He stabbed one finger toward Kyle's back. Kyle's shoulders hunched, like he'd felt the jab. â€Å"Just seconds after he tried to throw her into the river, she risked her life to keep him from the same painful death. She had to know that if she let him fall she would be safer here. She saved him anyway. Would any of you have done the same-rescue your enemy? He tried to kill her, and yet will she even speak against him?† I felt all the eyes in the dark room on my face as Jared now held his hand out, palm up, toward me. â€Å"Will you speak against him, Wanda?† I stared at him wide-eyed, stunned that he was speaking for me, that he was speaking to me, that he was using my name. Melanie was in shock, too, torn in half. She was overjoyed at the kindness in his face as he looked at us, the softness in his eyes that had been absent so long. But it was my name he'd said†¦ It was a few seconds before I could find my voice. â€Å"This is all a misunderstanding,† I whispered. â€Å"We both fell when the floor caved in. Nothing else happened.† I hoped the whisper would make it harder to hear the lie in my voice, but as soon as I was done, Ian chuckled. I nudged him with my elbow, but that didn't stop him. Jared actually smiled at me. â€Å"You see. She even tries to lie in his defense.† â€Å"Tries being the operative word,† Ian added. â€Å"Who says it's lying? Who can prove that?† Maggie asked harshly, stepping forward into the empty space beside Kyle. â€Å"Who can prove that it's not the truth that sounds so false on its lips?† â€Å"Mag -† Jeb started. â€Å"Shut up, Jebediah-I'm speaking. There is no reason for us to be here. No human was attacked. The insidious trespasser offers no complaint. This is a waste of all our time.† â€Å"I second that,† Sharon added in a clear, loud voice. Doc shot her a pained look. Trudy jumped to her feet. â€Å"We can't house a murderer-and just wait around for him to be successful!† â€Å"Murder is a subjective term,† Maggie hissed. â€Å"I only consider it murder when something human is killed.† I felt Ian's arm wrap around my shoulder. I didn't realize that I was trembling until his motionless body was against mine. â€Å"Human is a subjective term as well, Magnolia,† Jared said, glowering at her. â€Å"I thought the definition embraced some compassion, some little bit of mercy.† â€Å"Let's vote,† Sharon said before her mother could answer him. â€Å"Raise your hand if you think Kyle should be allowed to stay here, with no penalty for the†¦ misunderstanding.† She shot a glance not at me, but at Ian beside me when she used the word I'd used. Hands began to rise. I watched Jared's face as his features settled into a scowl. I struggled to raise my hand, but Ian tightened his hold around my arms and made an irritated noise through his nose. I held my palm as high as I could get it. In the end, though, my vote wasn't necessary. Jeb counted out loud. â€Å"Ten†¦ fifteen†¦ twenty†¦ twenty-three. Okay, that's a clear majority.† I didn't look around to see who had voted how. It was enough that in my little corner all arms were crossed tightly over chests and all eyes stared at Jeb with expectant expressions. Jamie walked away from Jeb to come squeeze in between Trudy and me. He put his arm around me, under Ian's. â€Å"Maybe your souls were right about us,† he said, loud enough for most to hear his high, hard voice. â€Å"The majority are no better than -â€Å" â€Å"Hush!† I hissed at him. â€Å"Okay,† Jeb said. Everyone went silent. Jeb looked down at Kyle, then at me, and then at Jared. â€Å"Okay, I'm inclined to go with the majority on this.† â€Å"Jeb -† Jared and Ian said simultaneously. â€Å"My house, my rules,† Jeb reminded them. â€Å"Never forget that. So you listen to me, Kyle. And you'd better listen, too, I think, Magnolia. Anyone who tries to hurt Wanda again will not get a tribunal, they will get a burial.† He slapped the butt of his gun for emphasis. I flinched. Magnolia glared hatefully at her brother. Kyle nodded, as if accepting the terms. Jeb looked around the unevenly spaced audience, locking eyes with each member except the little group beside me. â€Å"Tribunal's over,† Jeb announced. â€Å"Who's up for a game?†

Economic Development of China Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11750 words

Economic Development of China - Dissertation Example Nellis (1999) contends that the effectiveness of privatization in transitional economies depends on the existence of the institutional underpinnings of capitalism. In addition, empirical studies confirm the close relationship between good institutions and economic development (De Long and Shleifer, 1993), Besley, 1995; Knack and Keefer, 1995; Easterly and Levine, 1997, 2003; Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2001). On the other hand, Stiglitz (1999) suggests that using "better management contracts" to make state-share holders act like private owners is a better choice in the absence of those institutional underpinnings, a path which has been followed by the Chinese government in the past two decades. As noted in World Bank (1997) report, "most other countries in transition have turned to systemic, widespread privatization of state owned enterprises" (SOEs). In China, the state or its agents, carry out 'shareholder' functions performed by private owners in market economic systems." Retaining a large portion of state-owned shares in listed companies1, the Chinese government delegates different types of state-share holders to control these state-owned shares. This thesis attempts to examine the governance role of different types of state-share holders in China's listed companies. China's transition from a central-planned economy to a market-oriented one is special and unique. Chinese government creates its own path of transition rather than just using a "blueprint" or "recipe" from western advisors. Chinese government has been always attempting to privatize its state-owned assets gradually rather than a "big bang" like that undertaken by Russia... The interpretation of the results of this study is subject to four limitations. First, the classification of state-share holders based on their names is not good enough to distinguish GA shareholders and corporate state-share holders perfectly. For example, most state assets operating companies use the name of "State Assets Operating Company", such as "Jiangsu State Assets Operating Company". But some operating companies, which should be classified as GA shareholders, could use other names and then are classified as corporate state-share holders in this study. Second, corporate state-share holders could have more incentives and means to manage earnings to improve performance through related-party transactions than GA shareholders because they are holding companies (Jian (2003)). In this study, the potential earnings management through non-operating activities found in Chen and Yuan (2002), such as sales of fixed assets, has been controlled but the earnings management through related-party transactions cannot be controlled. This study also suggests several avenues for future research. While the benefit of corporate state-share holders has been documented in this study, the cost of them (such as insider control problems) cannot be ignored and remains an open question. More theoretical work is needed to understand the benefit and cost of different types of state-share holders. Another potential area of research is to investigate their incentives to manage earnings for different types of state-share holders.

Contributions To The History Of Josef Stalin Essay

Contributions To The History Of Josef Stalin - Essay Example Stalin died in the year 1953 after having lived fifty-six years full of both challenges and failures (64). The accomplishments of Stalin As a leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin made numerous mistakes, but his tenure in office is also remembered for having been of immense importance to Russia. According to the research compiled by Kaplan, the accomplishments of Stalin cannot be ignored (93). First, Boobbyer states that Stalin is remembered for his contribution to driving the country towards economic stability, which would only be possible through the process of industrialization (58). This, according to analysts and researchers of the history of the USSR, Stalin did due to his inferiority complex. His major aim was to match the standards of the other industrialized countries. In the long run, the country was subjected to rapid industrialization processes so as to have a share of the ‘big muscle’ as well. With the construction of the industries, as Boobbyer indicates, a gr eat percentage of the sectors in the economy were heavily mechanized – agriculture, for instance (62). In the long run, the industrialization process boosted development in the country despite the depression that was faced in the capitalist countries. Though taxpayers were forced to pay more for the success of these industries, the country is reported to have immensely gained from the industrial revolution. In relation to World War 2, Roberts indicates that Stalin drove his armies towards the defeat of Germany in the course of the war (255). This created a very huge impact of the Soviet Union in the world at that particular time. With his ability to dodge Roosevelt, Stalin managed to confiscate all the war equipment that would lead to his success against Germany.

Personal movie reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal movie reflection - Essay Example The latter visits him. Although initially, the two boys disliked each other, Danny was determined to be forgiven of his deliberate mistake. He offers to help Reuven with his studies and the two start a friendship like no other. Reuven was accepted into the Jewish family as if he was their own. However, with Reuven’s father’s fight for the Jewish state, their friendship was marred. Danny’s father demanded him to stop speaking with his friend which he did for more than a year. Confused and hurt, Reuven also stands by his father to fight for the Jewish state. After the proclamation of Israel as an independent state, Danny again approaches Reuven and the latter accepts him back. Knowing that there is no stopping Danny from pursuing his studies, his father calls the two young men and explains why he raised Danny the way he did. Their relationship changes and they become more open to each other. The strong bond that was formed between Danny and Reuven is quite moving. Seldom in times of trial do we find relationships that have such strong foundations, not to mention the start of their relationships. They connected with each other as they found they are not so different after all despite their religious inclinations and beliefs. However, they have hurt each other as well especially at a time when they most needed each other. Their families contributed to such separation. Danny, because he is the son of a Rabbi, had to obey his father’s wishes whose word was powerful in the eyes of his followers. He was not going to be the first insubordinate follower in his father’s house. He chose to support his father despite his personal beliefs, abandoning his best friend. Reuven on the other hand suffered loneliness. He was an only child and his father was always busy with his work. He tried to support him by doing what he thought would help his father’s dreams come true. He stood alone, taking care of his father when he suffered a stroke. When

Informative publication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informative publication - Essay Example This number is insignificant when you compare it with the number of graduates from our institution. For instance, it is evident that over 10,000 students graduated in the year 2013. Summing up all the students that have graduated since 2008 and then relating with the 2000 students with degrees in careers related with science will make you understand the impact of producing insignificant number of scientists. Our current world is changing every day from bad to worse. This is as results of technological changes that have contributed to the pollution as well as depletion of factors that hold the universe together. Majority of the world misuse cases are as a result of lack of awareness. Very few people know how to relate the daily occurrences with scientific reactions. For instance, very few people understand the impact of carbon dioxide to the ozone layer. Telling people that the carbon dioxide results to ozone layer depletion without explaining to them how it happens beats logic. We need to be in a position to explain some incidents in the universe by aid of evidence. It is as a result of this that we are holding a gland Science Congress meeting in our school. The poster that you will receive is designed in a very a unique way in order to grasp your attention. The title of the poster is in large fonts as well as bright colors so that you can see from a distance along expound what the whol e poster entails. The designs of other writings within the poster are meant to grasp your attention as well as convey the message concerning the title of the poster. The venue in which the Science Congress event will take place is written in large and bold fonts so that you can read it easily. The picture at the bottom and left side of the poster is of our guest of honor. Majority of you know Professor Lac Wal and others I think you have heard of him. Those who do not know him will also have

RFPs and Proposals disscusinon reply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RFPs and Proposals disscusinon reply - Essay Example Through analysis of the second RFP design, it appears well formatted, articulated and intended for an easy read. The second design of the RFP begins with a table of content that can direct a reader to a particular area of interest. Nevertheless, I feel the RFP could be made better with adjustments of sections in the document like following the work with the guidelines of the work to ensure easy comparison and comprehension of the information. Inferring to the proposal, the document is written in response to the RFP in an articulate manner. The proposal directs the reader to specific sections of the RFP which allows the reader to access easily and understand the specific information. The proposal is equally written in a persuasive tone making it an ideal inference of an RFP (T&D, 234). The writing of a proposal in a persuasive tone is meant to woe the clients that the company has the necessary capability to offer the required